#Trump administration live updates: #Refugees limited mostly to white South Africans
apnews.com/live/donald-trump-n…
President Donald Trump's administration is restricting the number of refugees it admits into the country to 7,500, and they will mostly be white from #SouthAfrica.
Had to renew my library card today. The librarian told me that people are coming in daily to ask if there is anywhere they can get some food, including an unusual number of young people in their early 20s.
We discussed putting nonperishables in the free little library over near the trailer park. (Thank you to the people who suggested that.) And, of course, we need to support food banks with whatever funds we can. No donation is too small.
The fact is, in the U.S. we are on our own. We are going to have to help each other. We are plunging headfirst into a clear and present crisis.
US climate activists condemn 18-month jail term for non-violent art museum protester
US climate activists condemn 18-month jail term for non-violent art museum protester
‘It’s hard to fathom how a peaceful protester can receive more prison time than many of the insurrectionists’ said one researcher, of Timothy Martin’s sentenceNina Lakhani (The Guardian)
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Spalletti ha firmato, è il nuovo tecnico della Juventus
https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/spalletti-ha-firmato-e-nuovo-tecnico-juventus-AHcstDSD?utm_source=flipboard&utm_medium=activitypub
Pubblicato su Sport - Il Sole 24 ORE @sport-il-sole-24-ore-IlSole24Ore
Spalletti ha firmato, è il nuovo tecnico della Juventus
Ora è ufficiale: Luciano Spalletti è il nuovo allenatore della Juventus. Lo comunica in una nota lo stesso club bianconero. Spalletti prende il posto ...Il Sole 24 Ore (Il Sole 24 ORE)
TypeScript Overtakes Python and JavaScript To Claim Top Spot on GitHub - Slashdot
TypeScript overtook Python and JavaScript in August 2025 to become the most used language on GitHub. The shift marked the most significant language change in more than a decade.developers.slashdot.org
📽️ THE BIRDS - Alfred Hitchcock (1963) - ★★★★
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Hostile birds mirroring family ambiguity. Are lovebirds a symbolic key? Anthological scenes that send shivers down your spine.
#film #cinema #microcritique #suspense #TheBirds #AlfredHitchcock #filmphotography
⚠️ Old videos & images shared out of context are common during big storms. Now too are AI fakes.
🔎 Our RumorGuard post takes a look at 3 examples that went viral during Hurricane Melissa + provides concrete news literacy tips to avoid being duped.
🔗 go.newslit.org/MelissaAI
#hurricane melissa
AI-generated falsehoods spread in Hurricane Melissa’s wake
Fabricated videos and images appearing to show some of the catastrophic damage from Hurricane Melissa in Jamaica in October 2025 are going viral on social media. But this content is AI-generated. Let’s look at the facts.go.newslit.org
Burioni: ecco perchè trasloco dai social
Intervista a Roberto Burioni: stanco di dileggio ed insulti, chi vuole mi segua su Substack. I novax? Irredimibili. Il precursore digital della divulgazione scientifica dice basta, e ci spiega perchèRaiNews
Das Bild zeigt eine blaue, violette und weiße Wolkenformation am Nachthimmel. Die Wolkenformation ist leicht oval. Der Himmel ist dunkel. Ein Text steht über der Wolkenformation. Der Text lautet: "Auroralicht".
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Chimps Are Capable of Human-Like Rational Thought, Breakthrough Study Finds
In a series of experiments, chimpanzees revised their beliefs based on new evidence, shedding light on the evolutionary origins of rational thought.Becky Ferreira (404 Media)
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Das Bild zeigt eine Küstenansicht. Ein stiller, dunkler See erstreckt sich quer durch das Bild, wobei sich am Ufer am unteren Rand eine dunkle Strandlinie befindet. In der Ferne sind Lichter auf der anderen Seite des Sees sichtbar. Ein paar Holzstege und Banken sind am Ufer im Vordergrund zu sehen. Der Himmel ist bewölkt, aber leicht beleuchtet von den Lichtern in der Ferne.
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There is One Fediverse. There are a Million Pickleball Courts.
OK, maybe not a million, but over 100,000 and growing fast. And they are displacing tennis courts, because you can get four pickleball courts where one tennis court existed, and more and more people think that’s a good thing.
Around the world, tennis is in decline. Court usage is down, club memberships are shrinking, and fewer young people are picking up a racket. At the same time, pickleball is on the rise. In parks, leisure centres, and converted gym halls, it’s growing at a pace few expected. It’s a big enough shift that Big Tennis is trying to massage the numbers and remain relevant, claiming participation rates that aren’t really there.
I don’t play either sport, but suddenly I see pickleball signs everywhere. What was once a niche pastime has gone mainstream seemingly overnight. And it makes sense. Pickleball is easier to get into, more fun for casual players, takes up less space, and can be played indoors without needing a full court or expensive gear. It’s inclusive, low-pressure, and social.Source: Apple Heart and Movement Study
There’s a lesson here. The old, customary way of doing things can and does change. You can pour resources into resurfacing old tennis courts, hoping to bring back players who’ve already moved on. Or you can build pickleball courts, simple, accessible spaces that meet the needs of today, not the nostalgia of yesterday.
And this is a little bit how I’ve come to see the fediverse.
For years, much of the energy has focussed on building a better version of something else. A better Twitter, a better Instagram, a better Tumblr. The assumption being that if we replicated what people already knew but made it safer, more ethical, or decentralised, the masses would come.
But they didn’t.
And that’s not a failure, it’s a sign that something way more interesting is going on.
Social Media is Tennis
Social media use is declining overall. That’s not a problem unique to the fediverse, it’s a signal that people are tired of the model entirely. The data backs it up. Engagement is down, trust is eroding, and more people are asking whether these platforms actually serve their needs. Conversely, for the first time, social media has displaced television as the top way Americans get news. Europe’s not far behind.Source: NiemanLab
Most if not all of the large platforms started out as social networking. A way to connect with friends, family, and new communities. But over time, they slide into something else: social media. The focus becomes content, metrics, attention. People become audiences, and the algorithmic feed of addictive slop, propaganda, and ads replaces human conversations.
The world maybe needs both things, social media and social networking. But the two are a wee bit mutually exclusive. At the very least, the motivations for operating these services are very different.
Social Networking is Pickleball
The fediverse doesn’t need to resurface the tired, worn-down tennis courts of the old internet. It needs to create something new. This ecosystem offers an entirely different kind of online experience. It’s smaller, more local, more relational. It’s messy in the best ways. It prioritises conversation over content, sharing over extraction, and community governance over corporate control.
Right now, not everyone wants that, not yet. But as we hear the call for digitally sovereign, locally governed platforms, we’re not just offering an alternative to what’s failing. We’re laying the groundwork for what comes next.
We don’t need to build the perfect tennis court for a game that fewer and fewer people are playing. We need to build a million pickleball courts. Small, accessible, playful spaces that reflect the changing culture of online life. That’s why the fediverse shouldn’t be chasing migrations. We don’t need to become the next Twitter. We need to be the first of something else.
Growth will come, but not by chasing the habits of a declining model. Growth will come when we fully embrace what makes the fediverse distinct.
The fediverse isn’t growing slowly because of a lack of cross-platform migration, it’s because the people who will thrive here aren’t migrating at all, they’re looking for something fundamentally different.
Sure, some will switch from tennis to pickleball, that’s a given. But many more will have never played tennis, or tried it a few times and it wasn’t fun. They will show up on the fediverse at some point.
And when they arrive, we should have the courts ready.
To everyone already building in the fediverse – the admins, the moderators, the developers, the artists, the writers, the everyday users… keep going.
Every time you welcome someone new, every time you resolve a conflict with care, every time you share something thoughtful or beautiful or kind, you’re helping shape a different kind of internet.
You’re not just connecting people, you’re restoring meaning to that connection. You’re helping build spaces that are slower, more intentional, more humane. You’re showing that online communities can be self-governed, safer, and grounded in values, not revenue.
It may not look like growth from the outside. But this is how movements begin, not with numbers, but with purpose. So keep doing the good work. Keep experimenting. Keep protecting each other. Keep making space for joy, for solidarity, and for belonging.
The future of the internet doesn’t arrive all at once, we build it, bit by bit, together.
And we’re already building it.
Building Digital Sovereignty: What Does Europe Need and How to Achieve It
The EU should not re-do the entire digital stack but confront the structural bottlenecks that sustain Europe’s digital dependence, writes Zuzanna Warso.Zuzanna Warso (Tech Policy Press)
julian likes this.
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This is a really interesting insight!
I guess I wonder, to what extent does the structure change?
I think from the Fediverse side, we've made a bet that it will remain a structure in which you have connections -- friends, family, colleagues, neighbours -- who receive and respond to updates about your actions and thoughts.
Other parts of current social media, like ads or algorithmic feeds, seems so far to be things we prefer to do without.
Widespread uncertainty as US food aid set to lapse amid government shutdown
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/30/widespread-uncertainty-as-us-food-aid-set-to-lapse-amid-government-shutdown?utm_source=flipboard&utm_medium=activitypub
Posted into US & Canada News @us-canada-news-AlJazeera
Widespread uncertainty as US food aid set to lapse amid government shutdown
New York declares ‘state of emergency’ as state and local officials scramble to assist residents set to lose benefits.Brian Osgood (Al Jazeera)
victorhckinthefreeworld.com/20…
Las pesadillas del software privativo
Las historias más escalofriantes del software privativo acechan en cada época del año. Ese acoso constante es el que las hace todavía más aterradorasVictorhck in the free world
Ein hoher, verzinkter Strommast steht vor einem blassen Himmel. Es gibt zwei Kreuzträger an der Spitze des Mastes. Zwei dünne Stromleitungen verlaufen diagonal vom Mast weg. Auf der rechten Seite des Bildes befindet sich eine Baumkrone, die fast vollständig durch den Himmel überdeckt ist. Ein heller Halbmond ist in der oberen linken Ecke des Bildes zu sehen.
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Das Bild zeigt einen Bildschirm mit sportbezogenen Daten. Der Bildschirm enthält Text und Zahlen.
Oben steht "15,03 km". Unter dem Text steht "Distanz". Unter "Distanz" steht "158 bpm". Unter "158 bpm" steht "6:26/km". Unter "6:26/km" steht "Ø". Unter "Ø" steht "1:36/km". Unter "1:36/km" steht "1:24". Unter "1:24" steht "Gesamtzeit". Unten steht "GARMIN". Das Wort "Okt" steht in kleiner Schrift in der oberen linken Ecke.
Bereitgestellt von @altbot, privat und lokal generiert mit Gemma3:12b
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Here's an alt-text description of the image:
The image is a colorful illustration with a dynamic composition. It features a group of six individuals depicted in a vibrant anime style, set against a background of bold red and black geometric shapes resembling shards or splinters. The figures are positioned closely together, facing the viewer with varied expressions – some looking directly forward, others turned slightly. Each character has distinct hairstyles and clothing, contributing to a diverse and visually engaging group portrait. The overall impression is one of action or a team ready for adventure.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
- Figure 1 (Left): A person with long, dark hair and a serious expression. They are wearing a dark jacket and a white undershirt. Their hand is gloved.
- Figure 2: A person with short, light brown hair and a confident gaze. They are wearing a blazer and a white shirt.
- Figure 4: A person with short, light brown hair and a determined expression. They are wearing a yellow top and green military-style jacket.
- Figure 3: A person with long, blonde hair and a thoughtful expression. They are wearing a light green top.
- Figure 5: A person with short, dark hair and a surprised expression. They are wearing a yellow top and brown jacket.
- Figure 6 (Right): A person with short, black hair and a white military-style cap. They are wearing a white top and a brown jacket.
There is no visible text in the image.
Provided by @altbot, generated privately and locally using Gemma3:12b
🌱 Energy used: 0.547 Wh
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It gets better
I know one location which has EV chargers in its only public car park, which is built inside an old quarry, a location naturally sheltered from radio signals.
There's no cell service there from any of the networks. Zip. Zilch. Nada.
The aforementioned chargers can only be activated using an app which, of course, requires a network connection to function.
Result: nobody ever gets to charge a car there.
Spinning genocide: How is Israel using US PR firms to frame its Gaza war?
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/30/spinning-genocide-how-israel-is-using-us-pr-firms-to-frame-its-gaza-war?utm_source=flipboard&utm_medium=activitypub
Posted into US & Canada News @us-canada-news-AlJazeera
Spinning genocide: How is Israel using US PR firms to frame its Gaza war?
Israel has contracted three US public relations companies to help it win back American hearts and minds.Al Jazeera
Corporate donors to the Epstein Ballroom at the White House all have needs from the government. Looking back through @prospect.org reporting, I detailed what every company actually expects to get from their investment.prospect.org/2025/10/28/h...
Here’s What Trump’s Ballroom D...
Here’s What Trump’s Ballroom Donors Want
The price tag on Donald Trump’s garish White House ballroom, now up to $350 million, keeps increasing. That’s because the cost of construction isn’t nearly as important as having an inventory of donations available for corporate America to pony up.David Dayen (The American Prospect)
Ktor Panel v0.4.0 Released
I just released v0.4.0 of Ktor Panel.
Ktor Panel is a lightweight, customisable admin interface generation library for Ktor servers. Ktor Panel provides a simple way to manage database entities through an intuitive and secure interface using minimal configuration.
Official docs: ktor-panel.readthedocs.io/
Please leave a GitHub star if you find it useful!
GitHub - believemanasseh/ktor-panel: Admin interface generation for Ktor servers
Admin interface generation for Ktor servers. Contribute to believemanasseh/ktor-panel development by creating an account on GitHub.GitHub
Pause an der Radbahn im Münsterland bei Darfeld.
Kamera Leica MP
Objektiv Voigtländer Ultron 35mm/2,0 II asphärisch
Film ADOX HR-50
September 2025
#Outdoor #AnalogeFotografie #FilmPhotography #AnalogFilm #FilmIsNotDead #ShootFilm #35mm #FilmCommunity #FilmCamera #AnalogVibes #FilmPhotographyLovers #ShootAnalog #FilmGrain #VintagePhotography #Leica #Leicamp #Münsterland
Alla Camera il convegno dell'Anquap sulla governance scolastica
https://tg24.sky.it/cronaca/2025/10/30/convegno-anquap-scuola?utm_source=flipboard&utm_medium=activitypub
Pubblicato su Scuola @scuola-SkyTG24
Alla Camera il convegno dell'Anquap sulla governance scolastica
Leggi su Sky TG24 l'articolo Alla Camera il convegno dell'Anquap sulla governance scolasticaRedazione Sky TG24 (Sky TG24)
Il gas conclude in forte calo (-2,5%) a 31 euro al Megawattora - Notizie - Ansa.it
https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/economia/2025/10/30/il-gas-conclude-in-forte-calo-25-a-31-euro-al-megawattora_8922cdb8-21c0-400c-b09c-a1747be76117.html?utm_source=flipboard&utm_medium=activitypub
Pubblicato su Economia @economia-AgenziaAnsa
Il gas conclude in forte calo (-2,5%) a 31 euro al Megawattora - Notizie - Ansa.it
Prezzo del gas in ampio ribasso sul mercato di Amsterdam, di riferimento per l'Europa: il future sul metano con consegna a dicembre ha chiuso in calo del 2,5% a 31,05 euro al Megawattora. (ANSA). (ANSA)Agenzia ANSA
Economia reshared this.
Falling panel prices lead to global solar boom, except for the US
Link: arstechnica.com/science/2025/1…
Discussion: news.ycombinator.com/item?id=4…
There’s a global boom in solar—except in the United States
The economic case for solar power is stronger than ever.Financial Times (Ars Technica)
Carlos Solís likes this.
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A Curated Social Wall at Events: The Benefits
Discover the benefits of using a curated social wall at events—from boosting audience engagement & reach to creating memorable experiences.Michael Kamleitner (Walls.io Social Wall)
Un brano Low
Bacaro · Under Pressure
📻
youtube.com/watch?v=3tRw2RdBVn…
inv.perditum.com/watch?v=3tRw2…
#nowplaying #fediradio #discodelgiorno
Bacaro
Provided to YouTube by Zebralution GmbH Bacaro · Under Pressure Ocean Café ℗ 2006 peacelounge recordings Released on: 2007-05-25 Composer: Dirk Hinze & Stephan Meyer Music Publisher: edition peacelounge Auto-generated by YouTube.Under Pressure - Topic | Invidious
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Anybody know a good way of planning an upgrade of a CPU + GPU combo to a single APU system?
I genuinely find it hard to compare a APU with shared memory to a CPU GPU combo, and many sites don't seem well designed to support this type of comparison. #technology #hardware #graphics
Verdi's 'Requiem' with Kolar, Gojceta Silic, Filipovic and Mimica from Zagreb - Schedule // - www.worldconcerthall.com
Kristina Kolar, soprano, Martina Gojceta Silic, mezzo-soprano, Filip Filipovic, tenor, Marko Mimica, bass, the Rijeka Opera Choir and the Croatian RTV Choir and Symphony Orchestra conducted by Valentin Egel perform: VERDI: Messa da Requiem....www.worldconcerthall.com
Mahler's Eighth with Wagner, Farcas, Redpath, Lehmkuhl, Jorias, Philip, Pol & Steffens from Copenhagen - Schedule // - www.worldconcerthall.com
Jacquelyn Wagner, soprano, Valentina Farcas, soprano, Live Redpath, soprano, Wiebke Lehmkuhl, mezzo-soprano, Jasmin Jorias, mezzo-soprano, David Butt Philip, tenor, Christoph Pol, baritone, David Steffens, bass, the Copenhagen Boys' Choir, the BBC Si…www.worldconcerthall.com
Pritzker forms independent commission to document misconduct of federal agents
After urging Illinoisans last month to record concerning actions by federal agents, Gov. JB Pritzker signed an executive order Thursday creating a commission to review documentation submitted by the public.
“The federal government has chosen to treat the people of this country as an adversary,” Pritzker said of the Trump administration’s “Operation Midway Blitz” targeting the Chicago area. “We will not meet intimidation with fear. We will meet it with truth.”
The newly formed Illinois Accountability Commission has been charged by Pritzker to create a public record of abuses, document the impact of those abuses on families and communities, and recommend actions for justice and reducing future harm.
The commission will investigate past actions by federal officials, according to its chair, U.S. District Judge Rubén Castillo, including the fatal shooting of unarmed father and Mexican immigrant Silverio Villegas González by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer after dropping off his two young sons at school and daycare in the Chicago area.
Pritzker forms independent commission to document misconduct of federal agents
Pritzker creates an Illinois commission to document misconduct by federal agents and recommend accountability steps.Maggie Dougherty (Capitol News Illinois)
UN report: Five charts which explain the ‘gap’ in finance for climate adaptation - Carbon Brief 29 October 2025
Developing countries are receiving just a fraction of the international finance they need to prepare citizens and adapt infrastructure for escalating climate impacts.
That is according to the latest adaptation gap report from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), which calculates that developing nations will need more than $310bn annually between now and 2035 to prepare for the impacts of climate change.
carbonbrief.org/un-report-five…
UN report: Five charts which explain the ‘gap’ in finance for climate adaptation - Carbon Brief
Developing countries are receiving just a fraction of the international finance they need to adapt infrastructure for escalating climate impactsCarbon Brief Staff (Carbon Brief)
Ah, I remember those days. When I was young spider-pants. And I used to frolic through the fields, screaming and waving my arms around wildly on account of the hundreds of spiders in my pants. Good times. Good times.
2 min
Welp.. Seattle will be feeling it.
I have long thought that big tech companies are cannibalizing the functioning parts in order to keep their accounting numbers looking right.
People are being laid off because of the gigantic miss allocation of resources into data centers on. It’s not because AI is replacing them, it’s because they are cannibalizing their own companies to throw company resources into a data center shaped incinerator.
.l
They can hide all sorts of other financial engineering under the guise of the prospect of AI replacing them, which is just a con, to covering up the fact that they were hired over Covid.
One way or another their business model cannot sustain those employees probably for a lot of reasons
L’episodio del Treno della vergogna è veramente avvenuto? La mistificazione non produce storia
La definizione di vergogna attribuita a questo treno è derivata dal modo con cui gli esuli italiani sarebbero stati accolti alla stazione di ... Scopri di più!Christian Raimo (Domani)
WhatsApp is rolling out passkey-encrypted backups for iOS and Android devices, enabling users to encrypt their chat history using their fingerprint, face, or a screen lock code.
#podcast da Caffe20.it
Serial production at former Toyota plant to begin in early-mid 2026
Earlier, First Deputy Prime Minister Denis Manturov stated that the former Toyota plant in Saint Petersburg was planned to produce Aurus vehiclesTASS
Capitolo Giacchette di Jeans ricamate stile PunkSS77/Gang ‘70:
Se mi date una taglia, un imput testo/immagini, e un indirizzo a cui spedire vi invio una giacca “promo”. Preferisco “pubblicizzare” così il lavoro, spendendo delle giacche per crear passa parola, piuttosto che aprire social.
Ovviamente andate in coda e vaglio le proposte che arrivano.
Niente soldi= mia libertà assoluta di dare il
mio lavoro a chi, come e quando mi pare.
Lelio / D'Omo Valentino reshared this.
giacca a tema Elefante Gay taglia S (se sono molto aderenti fai M per sicurezza)
Ti faccio vedere il video e se ti va fai quello che ti ispira 👀
youtube.com/watch?v=PaYwXt0It9…
- YouTube
Profitez des vidéos et de la musique que vous aimez, mettez en ligne des contenus originaux, et partagez-les avec vos amis, vos proches et le monde entier.www.youtube.com
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
#amsterdam #photo #photography #street #streetphoto #streetphotography #streetphoto_bnw #netherlands #fujifilm #fuji #x100f #fujix100f #travel #travelphoto #travelphotography #colorphotography
I just asked my wife what she'd like to watch tonight. She told me that she wanted to watch something short and so I suggested The Hobbit. I was dismissed quite quickly from her presence. Was it something I said?
like this
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If anyone else on #linuxAudio has trouble with complex routing between devices and programs, here’s my tip:
Raysession! It’s smooth as fuck
raysession.tuxfamily.org
Tried other stuff, this is sooo nice
Nlaka’pamux solar project offers lessons for B.C. | The Narwhal
Led by the Nlaka’pamux Nation, the quA-ymn solar project is the first major solar power facility in B.C. It came online well ahead of scheduleZoë Yunker (The Narwhal)
mastodon.nl/@volkskrant/115464…
De Volkskrant (@volkskrant@mastodon.nl)
Jetten en Bontenbal brengen, hopelijk, wat bezinning terug in het landbestuur https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/jetten-en-bontenbal-brengen-hopelijk-wat-bezinning-terug-in-het-landbestuur~b6eb5613/Mastodon.nl door Stichting Activityclub
⭐️New⭐️
Badgers in a patch of bluebells. This is just off the drawing board and now available in my Folksy shop...
folksy.com/find/item/8574794
#FediGiftShop #ScottishArtist #MastoArt #CreativeToots
#Badgers #AnimalArt #OriginalArt #Drawing #ColourPencil #PenAndInk #Painting #Artwork #TraditionalArtist #ArtFromScotland #GiftIdeas #ArtShop
La souveraineté numérique se construit par de petits gestes répétés. Choisir des outils d’ici, former son équipe, partager ses apprentissages. On avance ensemble. ✨
#qlub #souverainetenumerique #valeurs #quebec #communaute #transparence
Chimps Are Capable of Human-Like Rational Thought, Breakthrough Study Finds
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Subscribe to 404 Media to get The Abstract, our newsletter about the most exciting and mind-boggling science news and studies of the week.
Chimpanzees revise their beliefs if they encounter new information, a hallmark of rationality that was once assumed to be unique to humans, according to a study published on Thursday in Science.
Researchers working with chimpanzees at the Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda probed how the primates judged evidence using treats inside boxes, such as a “weak” clue—for example, the sound of a treat inside a shaken box—and a "strong" clue, such as a direct line of sight to the treat.
The chimpanzees were able to rationally evaluate forms of evidence and to change their existing beliefs if presented with more compelling clues. The results reveal that non-human animals can exhibit key aspects of rationality, some of which had never been directly tested before, which shed new light on the evolution of rational thought and critical thinking in humans and other intelligent animals.
“Rationality has been linked to this ability to think about evidence and revise your beliefs in light of evidence,” said co-author Jan Engelmann, associate professor at the department of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, in a call with 404 Media. “That’s the real big picture perspective of this study.”
While it’s impossible to directly experience the perspective of a chimpanzee, Engelmann and his colleagues designed five controlled experiments for groups of anywhere from 15 to 23 chimpanzee participants.
In the first and second experiments, the chimps received a weak clue and a strong clue for a food reward in a box. The chimpanzees consistently made their choices based on the stronger evidence, regardless of the sequence in which the clues were presented. In the third experiment, the chimps were shown an empty box in addition to the strong and weak clues. After this presentation, the box with the strong evidence was removed. In this experiment, the chimpanzees still largely chose the weak clue over the empty box.
In the fourth experiment, chimpanzees were given a second “redundant” weak clue—for instance, the experimenter would shake a box twice. Then, they were given a new type of clue, like a second piece of food being dropped into a box in front of them. They were significantly more likely to change their beliefs if the clue provided fresh information, demonstrating an ability to distinguish between redundant and genuinely new evidence.
Finally, in the fifth experiment, the chimpanzees were presented with a so-called “defeater” that undermined the strong clue, such as a direct line of sight to a picture of food inside the box, or a shaken box containing a stone, not a real treat. The chimps were significantly more likely to revise their choice about the location of the food in the defeater experiments than in experiments with no defeater. This experiment showcased an ability to judge that evidence that initially seems strong can be weakened with new information.
“The most surprising result was, for sure, experiment five,” Engelmann said. “No one really believed that they would do it, for many different reasons.”
For one thing, he said, the methodology of the fifth experiment demanded a lot of attention and cognitive work from the chimpanzees, which they successfully performed. The result also challenges the assumption that complex language is required to update beliefs with new information. Despite lacking this linguistic ability, chimpanzees are somehow able to flexibly assign strength to different pieces of evidence.
Speaking from the perspective of the chimps, Engelmann outlined the responses to experiment five as: “I used to believe food was in there because I heard it in there, but now you showed me that there was a stone in there, so this defeats my evidence. Now I have to give up that belief.”
“Even using language, it takes me ten seconds to explain it,” he continued. “The question is, how do they do it? It’s one of the trickiest questions, but also one of the most interesting ones. To put it succinctly, how to think without words?”
To hone in on that mystery, Engelmann and his colleagues are currently repeating the experiment with different primates, including capuchins, baboons, rhesus macaques, and human toddlers and children. Eventually, similar experiments could be applied to other intelligent species, such as corvids or octopuses, which may yield new insights about the abundance and variability of rationality in non-human species.
“I think the really interesting ramification for human rationality is that so many people often think that only humans can reflect on evidence,” Engelmann said. “But our results obviously show that this is not necessarily the case. So the question is, what's special about human rationality then?”
Engelmann and his colleagues hypothesize that humans differ in the social dimensions of our rational thought; we are able to collectively evaluate evidence not only with our contemporaries, but by consulting the work of thinkers who may have lived thousands of years ago. Of course, humans also often refuse to update beliefs in light of new evidence, which is known as “belief entrenchment” or “belief perseveration” (many such cases). These complicated nuances add to the challenge of unraveling the evolutionary underpinnings of rationality.
That said, one thing is clear: many non-human animals exist somewhere on the gradient of rational thought. In light of the recent passing of Jane Goodall, the famed primatologist who popularized the incredible capacities of chimpanzees, the new study carries on a tradition of showing that these primates, our closest living relatives, share some degree of our ability to think and act in rational ways.
Goodall “was the first Western scientist to observe tool use in chimpanzees and really change our beliefs about what makes humans unique,” Engelmann said. “We're definitely adding to this puzzle by showing that rationality, which has so long been considered unique to humans, is at least in some forms present in non-human animals.”
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