INTERPOL 100 anni. Facciamo un po' di storia della cooperazione internazionale.
Nei giorni in cui l’INTERPOL (abbreviazione di "Organizzazione Internazionale di Polizia Criminale"), ovvero la più importante organizzazione internazionale che facilita la cooperazione tra le forze di polizia di diversi paesi, celebra a Vienna i suoi 100 anni di vita (nell'immagine il segretario generale Jürgen Stock tiene il discorso d'apertura della 91a Assemblea Generale), ripercorriamo a tappe la storia della mutua assistenza tra Nazioni nel settore del contrasto alla criminalità globale, cominciando dall’inizio …
Luigi Lucheni uccide l’imperatrice Elisabetta d’Austria
Siamo nel 1898. Il Governo italiano convoca a Roma una “Conferenza Internazionale per la difesa sociale contro gli anarchici” che si tiene dal 24 novembre al 21 dicembre. Il 10 settembre precedente, sulla passeggiata del Lago di Ginevra, in attuazione della dottrina anarchica della propaganda del fatto che prevede di colpire i simboli del potere, Luigi Lucheni aveva assassinato l’imperatrice Elisabetta d’Austria, popolarmente nota come Sissi (immagine precedente). L’ attentato si inserisce in quella che viene definita la “Decade del Regicidio”. Nel corso del decennio, attentati riconducibili agli anarchici hanno registrato 60 omicidi ed il ferimento di circa 200 persone.
Una settimana dopo l’assassinio di Sissi, il ministro degli esteri austriaco propone al suo collega svizzero di formare una “Lega internazionale di polizia” anti–anarchica. Il piano austro–svizzero rimane inattuato, ma il 29 settembre successivo il governo italiano indìce la conferenza internazionale che si terrà a Roma per organizzare la lotta all’anarchismo.
Partecipano 54 delegati provenienti da 21 Paesi europei, inclusi Gran Bretagna, l’Impero Germanico, Francia ed Austria–Ungheria. Nel protocollo finale sono individuate tre direttrici: monitoraggio del fenomeno anarchico – che utilizzava “mezzi violenti per distruggere l’organizzazione della società” –, creazione di agenzie specializzate e scambio di informazioni.
Alphonse Bertillon e le misurazioni antropometriche
Ciò anche con riguardo alla identificazione attraverso il metodo del portrait parlé, sviluppato dal sistema di bertillonage inventato da Alphonse Bertillon, che prevedeva la classificazione dei sospetti criminali sulla base di misurazioni antropometriche (immagine precedente). Anche l'identificazione attraverso l'utilizzo delle impronte digitali (tuttora utilizzata) farà ingresso nell’ambito della polizia criminale-scientifica verso la fine dell’Ottocento.
Nel novembre di due anni dopo, sono le autorità russe a prendere a monito l’assassinio del Presidente degli Stati Uniti McKinley (immagine sopra) per mano dell’anarchico di origini polacche Leon Czolgosz, quale occasione per implementare il Protocollo di Roma. La Conferenza si tiene nel marzo del 1904, a San Pietroburgo, allora capitale della Russia. Ad incontrarsi stavolta dieci delegazioni, che raggiungono un accordo su un Protocollo Segreto per una “guerra internazionale all’Anarchismo”.
In realtà, le pratiche di polizia internazionale dalla metà del XIX secolo in poi erano organizzate su base limitata. La maggior parte della cooperazione di polizia europea fino all’inizio del XX secolo come abbiamo visto riguardava per lo più compiti politici, relativi alla protezione del governo e mirati a contrastare attività sovversive.
Un esempio ci viene dalla Unione di polizia degli Stati tedeschi, un'organizzazione di polizia internazionale attiva dal 1851 al 1866 per sopprimere l'opposizione politica di liberali, democratici e socialisti. L'Unione di polizia coinvolgeva sette nazioni di lingua tedesca, che erano ideologicamente affini e politicamente federate.
Gli stessi Protocolli di Roma e San Pietroburgo non assumono la veste di Trattati da ratificare, e pochi Paesi introducono nella propria legislazione i suggerimenti provenienti dalle Conferenze.
Insomma, per il momento la Cooperazione rimane materia da trattarsi in via amministrativa a livello di Forze di Polizia.
… continua …
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European Health Data Space: EU committees vote in favour of mandatory interconnected electronic patient records for all citizens
The lead committees of the European Parliament, LIBE and ENVI, have today voted in favour of the creation of a “European Health Data Space” (EHDS), which will bring together information on all medical treatments received by citizens. Specifically, the bill will oblige doctors to upload a summary of each patient’s treatment to the new data space (Article 7). Exceptions or a right to object are not provided for, even when it comes to particularly sensitive diseases and therapies such as mental disorders, sexual diseases and disorders such as impotence or infertility, HIV or drug abuse therapies. Patients would be able to restrict access to their health records, but not their creation.
“The EU’s plan to collect and interconnect records on all medical therapies entails irresponsible risks of data theft, hacking or loss. Even the most delicate therapies can no longer be administered off record in the future,” criticises Patrick Breyer, Pirate Party MEP and co-lead negotiator for the Greens/European Free Alliance in the EU Parliament’s Committee on Home Affairs. “This is nothing other than the end of medical confidentiality. Have we learnt nothing from the international hacker attacks on hospitals and other health data? If every mental illness, addiction therapy, every erectile dysfunction and all abortions are registered, concerned patients risk being deterred from seeking urgent medical treatment – this can make them ill and put a strain on their families. This digital disempowerment of patients needs to be put to a vote in plenary in December!”
Breyer, who voted against the bill today, also criticises the fact that patients would need to actively object to prevent healthcare providers and industry from using their data. “For many patients who have little time, limited language skills or education, or who are elderly, having to actively object with a certain authority or via a digital tool is too complicated in practice to give them a real choice. International standards such as the World Medical Association’s International Code of Medical Ethics or the Helsinki declaration on Ethical Principles for Medical Research require seeking patients consent before disclosing their medical information. A public opinion poll we commissioned confirms that citizens expect to be asked for their consent before their health records are being shared. Every website asks for our permission before setting a cookie, but we are not even asked before our health records are shared? This system deprives patients of real control over their data and does not deserve our trust.“
The European Parliament’s plenary is due to vote in December and can make final amendments. A survey by the European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) has shown that 44% of citizens are worried about their health data being stolen; 40% fear unauthorised access to their data.
According to the latest state of negotiations, the EU governments also want to introduce a compulsory interconnected electronic health record for everyone without any right of objection. This could be decided as early as 6 December in the so-called COREPER Committee. Trilogue negotiations between the institutions will ensue with a view of finding an agreement early next year.
Mandatory digitalisation in the healthcare sector: EU Parliament and EU governments plan compulsory electronic patient record for all
In the upcoming Committee vote on creating a European Health Data Space (EHDS) on 28 November, the European Parliament wants to support the mandatory registration of every treatment of a patient in a remotely accessible Electronic Health Record. EU governments also want to endorse a compulsory Electronic Health Record for everyone, possibly as early as 6 December in the so-called COREPER Committee. Patients would be able to restrict data access, but not the electronic collection of summaries of all medical treatments.
“The EU’s planned mandatory electronic patient file with Europe-wide access entails irresponsible risks of theft or loss of the most personal therapeutical data and threatens to deprive patients of any control over the digitisation of their health data,” criticises Patrick Breyer, Pirate Party MEP and chief negotiator for the Greens/European Free Alliance group in the EU Parliament’s Committee on Home Affairs (LIBE). “Have we learnt nothing from the international hacker attacks on hospitals and other health data? If every mental illness, substance abuse therapy, every potency weakness and all abortions are compulsorily recorded, concerned patients may be deterred from seeking urgent medical treatment altogether – this can make people ill. This legislation has been designed for health industry, not to empower citizens.”
The plenary of the European Parliament is due to vote on the Committee recommendation in December and can make final amendments. A survey by the European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) has shown that 44% of citizens are concerned about the risk of health data theft; 40% fear unauthorised access to their data.
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Less waste, more consumer protection: MEPs adopt ‘Right to repair’ position
Today, the European Parliament adopted its position on the ‘right to repair’ law. The new rules will make it easier for consumers to get their defective products repaired, reducing the need to discard them. MEPs agreed that manufacturers shall be obliged to provide spare parts to independent repairers, and a digital platform shall be set up in each Member State to connect customers and repairers. The legislation also introduces rules to encourage more repairs during the warranty period instead of replacing goods. The text now moves into trilogue negotiations with the Council of the EU and the European Commission.
Patrick Breyer, Member of the European Parliament for the German Pirate Party, comments:
“Pirates support this initiative because we think users should control the tech they use every day. For IT, the requirement that updates must be reversible and shall not lead to diminished performance will be useful. But we Pirates still believe that the right to repair could go further, and would like to see this implemented in future legislation. Current laws say IT device makers must provide updates for a reasonable period of time, but they’re not required to fix known vulnerabilities quickly. That needs to change to keep us safe. The source code and tools for development of information technology should be made public so the community can take care of them when a manufacturer stops supporting a widely used product. Requiring manufacturers to enable 3D printing of spare parts in case of orphan products, as now proposed by Parliament, is a significant step in the right direction.“
Czech Pirate Party MEP Marcel Kolaja, Quaestor of the European Parliament and Member of the leading Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee (IMCO), comments:
“The ‘right to repair’ proposal is a milestone on the way to a more circular economy. Nowadays, most of the time, it is easier for consumers to throw away broken goods than to have them repaired, even if it is only a minor damage. The result is both unnecessary spending and tons of waste that burdens the environment. Today, Europeans are estimated to lose up to €12 billion a year by throwing away goods unnecessarily, generating 35 million tonnes of waste. Both are relatively easy to prevent, which we are now aiming to do with this mandate.”
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