Selecting a random sample from a set is simple. But what about selecting a fair random sample from a set of unknown or indeterminate size? That’s where reservoir sampling comes in, and [Sam Rose] has a beautifully-illustrated, interactive guide to how reservoir sampling works. As far as methods go, it’s as elegant as it is simple, and particularly suited to fairly sampling dynamic datasets like sipping from a firehose of log events.

While reservoir sampling is simple in principle it’s not entirely intuitive to everyone. That’s what makes [Sam]’s interactive essay so helpful; he first articulates the problem before presenting the solution in a way that makes it almost self-evident.

[Sam] uses an imaginary deck of cards to illustrate the problem. If one is being dealt cards one at a time from a deck of unknown size (there could be ten cards, or a million), how can one choose a single card in a way that gives each an equal chance of having been selected? Without collecting them all first?

In a nutshell, the solution is to make a decision every time a new card arrives: hold onto the current card, or replace it with the new one. Each new card is given a 1/n chance of becoming held, where n is the number of cards we’ve seen so far. That’s all it takes. No matter when the dealer stops dealing, each card that has been seen will have had an equal chance of ending up the one selected.

There are a few variations which [Sam] also covers, and practical ways of applying it to log collection, so check it out for yourself.

If [Sam]’s knack for illustrating concepts in an interactive way is your jam, we have one more to point out. Our own Al Williams wrote a piece on Turing machines; the original “universal machine” being a theoretical device with a read/write head and infinite paper tape. A wonderful companion to that article is [Sam]’s piece illustrating exactly how such a Turing machines would work in an interactive way.

hackaday.com/2025/07/02/reserv…

How many times do you have to forget your keys before you start hacking on the problem? For [Binh], the answer was 5 in the last month, and his hack was to make a gesture-based door unlocker. Which leads to the amusing image of [Binh] in a hallway throwing gang signs until he is let in.

The system itself is fairly simple in its execution: the existing deadbolt is actuated by a NEMA 17 stepper turning a 3D printed bevel gear. It runs 50 steps to lock or unlock, apparently, then the motor turns off, so it’s power-efficient and won’t burn down [Binh]’s room.

The software is equally simple; mediapipe is an ML library that can already do finger detection and be accessed via Python. Apparently gesture recognition is fairly unreliable, so [Binh] just has it counting the number of fingers flashed right now. In this case, it’s running on a Rasberry Pi 5 with a webcam for image input. The Pi connects via USB serial to an ESP32 that is connected to the stepper driver. [Binh] had another project ready to be taken apart that had the ESP32/stepper combo ready to go so this was the quickest option. As was mounting everything with double-sided tape, but that also plays into a design constraint: it’s not [Binh]’s door.

[Binh] is staying in a Hacker Hotel, and as you might imagine, there’s been more penetration testing on this than you might get elsewhere. It turns out it’s relatively straightforward to brute force (as you might expect, given it is only counting fingers), so [Binh] is planning on implementing some kind of 2FA. Perhaps a secret knock? Of course he could use his phone, but what’s the fun in that?

Whatever the second factor is, hopefully it’s something that cannot be forgotten in the room. If this project tickles your fancy, it’s open source on GitHub, and you can check it out in action and the build process in the video embedded below.

After offering thanks to [Binh] for the tip, the remaining words of this article will be spent requesting that you, the brilliant and learned hackaday audience, provide us with additional tips.

youtube.com/embed/yNJkpo-19DI?…

hackaday.com/2025/07/02/hack-s…

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:

Paramount Global, which owns CBS News, has reportedly decided to settle President Donald Trump’s frivolous lawsuit over the editing of a “60 Minutes” interview with his former presidential rival Kamala Harris.

Virtually no one aside from Trump’s hangers-on believes the case had any merit, let alone $16 million worth. There was no rational reason for Paramount to settle — aside from paying for favoritism, including over its planned merger with Skydance Media.

Legendary First Amendment lawyers Floyd Abrams and James Goodale each recall a time when news outlets were owned by news companies that had both economic and principled interests in defending the First Amendment. They’re alarmed by what they’re seeing today.

“The agreement of Paramount to pay any settlement amount to Donald Trump ... is an ominous blow to press freedom in our nation.”

Floyd Abrams

Abrams, who represented The New York Times during the Pentagon Papers case and had a hand in countless other seminal First Amendment rulings, told Freedom of the Press Foundation (FPF) via email that “the agreement of Paramount to pay any settlement amount to Donald Trump based on a ‘60 Minutes’ broadcast that was both journalistically responsible and fully protected by the First Amendment is an ominous blow to press freedom in our nation.”

As Abrams noted in a letter to the Times, despite the significant challenges the Trump administration presents for media outlets, “it is not too much for the public to ask of the press that it remain vigilant in its coverage of him and militant in defense of itself.”

Goodale, the Times vice president, vice chairman, and general counsel from 1963 to 1980, led the newspaper’s resistance to the Nixon administration’s war on the press. He told FPF in an email, “It’s a sad day for journalism in the United States when the corporate owners of major news broadcasters are unwilling to fight back against baseless lawsuits by politicians.”

“It’s a sad day for journalism in the United States when the corporate owners of major news broadcasters are unwilling to fight back against baseless lawsuits by politicians.”

James Goodale

Goodale reiterated his view, which he also expressed in a prior interview with FPF, that businesspeople unwilling to safeguard reporters’ rights should choose a different industry. “Operating a news outlet is a serious responsibility and those whose other financial interests won’t allow them to stand up for the First Amendment should stay out of the news business.”

Seth Stern, FPF’s director of advocacy, added that Paramount’s settlement and other capitulations by major media outlets “put to rest the myth that billionaires and corporate conglomerates will refrain from meddling with the editorial affairs of news publishers they own. CBS and other corporate-owned news outlets are full of great journalists who deserve ownership that won’t throw them under the bus to make a buck. Americans concerned by these developments should support independent news outlets willing to stand up for their journalists’ First Amendment rights so that our free press can survive this administration.”

Please contact us if you would like further comment.

freedom.press/issues/legendary…

When it comes to text, how small is too small? The experts say a six point font is the minimum for readability, but as [James Bowman] shows us, you can get away with half of that.

The goal is to produce a 40-character display on a 24 mm x 24 mm LCD that has a resolution of 240 x 240 to show a serial terminal (or other data) on the “TermDriver2” USB-to-Serial adapter. With 24 lines, that’s a line per millimeter: very small text. Three points, to be precise, half what the experts say you need. Diving this up into 40 columns gives a character cell of six by nine pixels. Is it enough?

The raw font on the left, the subpixel rendering on the right. For once, it’s better if you don’t click to enlarge.
Not by itself, no. That’s where the hack comes in: sub-pixel rendering. After all, a “white” pixel on an LCD is actually three elements: a red, a green, and a blue subpixel, stacked side-by-each. Drive each of those subpixels independently and 240 pixels now becomes 720. That’s plenty for a 40 column terminal.

The article discusses how, in general terms, they pulled off the subpixel rendering and kept the font as legible as possible. We think it’s a good try, though the colored fringe around the characters can be uncomfortable to look at for some people — and then we can’t forget the physical size of the characters being 1 mm tall.

If this trick were being used on a larger display with a 240-wide resolution, we’d say “yes, very legible, good job!”– but at this size? We hope we can find our reading glasses. Still, it’s a neat trick to have in your back pocket for driving low-resolution LCDs.

It may not surprise you that aside from improving legibility, subpixel rendering is also used for pixel (er, sub-pixel) art.

The full set of glyphs in their subpixel-rendered glory.

hackaday.com/2025/07/02/subpix…

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:

Paramount Global announced late Tuesday that it will pay $16 million to settle an entirely frivolous and unconstitutional lawsuit brought by President Donald Trump over the editing of a “60 Minutes” interview with Kamala Harris.

It’s been widely reported that the settlement is intended to clear the way for federal approval of the sale of Paramount to Skydance Media, which will result in a multimillion-dollar payout to Paramount Chair Shari Redstone.

Three U.S. senators previously launched an investigation into whether paying off Trump through a settlement to obtain approval of the sale would violate federal bribery and other laws, and the California Senate opened a similar investigation.

The following statement can be attributed to Seth Stern, director of advocacy at Freedom of the Press Foundation (FPF):

Today is a dark day for press freedom. Paramount’s spineless decision to settle Trump’s baseless and patently unconstitutional lawsuit is an insult to the journalists of ‘60 Minutes’ and an invitation to Trump to continue targeting other news outlets. Each time a company cowers and surrenders to Trump’s demands it only emboldens him to do it again.

It will be remembered as one of the most shameful capitulations by the press to a president in history.

But we are not done fighting. We’ve already filed a shareholder information demand and are sending a second demand today to uncover information about this decision. With that information, we will continue to pursue our legal options to stop this affront to Paramount shareholders, CBS journalists, and the First Amendment. Paramount directors should be held accountable and we will do all we can to make that happen.

FPF is a Paramount Global shareholder, and you can read our letter notifying Paramount of our plans to take legal action in the event of a settlement with Trump here. You can read a previous statement from our counsel here, and our recent demand for information to which we are entitled as shareholders here.

Please contact us if you would like further comment.

freedom.press/issues/paramount…

This week Jonathan chats with benny Vasquez about AlmaLinux! Why is AlmaLinux the choice for slightly older hardware? What is the deal with RISC-V? And how does EPEL fit in? Tune in to find out!

• linkedin.com/in/bennyvasquez/
• almalinux.org
• almalinux.org/blog/2025-04-24-…
• almalinux.org/blog/2025-06-26-…

youtube.com/embed/5G-wIcFLrnM?…

Did you know you can watch the live recording of the show right on our YouTube Channel? Have someone you’d like us to interview? Let us know, or contact the guest and have them contact us! Take a look at the schedule here.

play.libsyn.com/embed/episode/…

Direct Download in DRM-free MP3.

If you’d rather read along, here’s the transcript for this week’s episode.

Places to follow the FLOSS Weekly Podcast:

• Spotify
• RSS

Theme music: “Newer Wave” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)

Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License

hackaday.com/2025/07/02/floss-…

Le autorità spagnole hanno arrestato cinque persone sospettate di aver riciclato 540 milioni di dollari tramite investimenti illegali in criptovalute e di aver frodato più di 5.000 persone. L’operazione di polizia, denominata Borrelli, è stata condotta con il supporto e il coordinamento dell’Europol, nonché delle forze dell’ordine di Estonia, Francia e Stati Uniti.

Le truffe sugli investimenti in criptovalute vengono solitamente messe in atto tramite la truffa romantica (conosciuta anche come macellazione del maiale), divenuta popolare negli ultimi anni.

Lo schema prevede che i truffatori utilizzino l’ingegneria sociale e contattino persone (“maiali”) sui social media e sulle app di incontri. Col tempo, i criminali si guadagnano la fiducia delle vittime simulando un’amicizia o un interesse romantico, e a volte persino fingendosi amici nella vita reale delle vittime.

Una volta stabilito il “contatto”, a un certo punto i criminali propongono alla vittima di investire in criptovalute, reindirizzando la vittima a un sito web fasullo. Purtroppo, di solito è impossibile recuperare i fondi e ricevere il reddito dichiarato da tali “investimenti“. Di norma, dopo l'”investimento“, i fondi vengono movimentati attraverso numerosi conti, il che li rende estremamente difficili da tracciare.

L’indagine sulle attività del gruppo fraudolento è iniziata nel 2023. Da allora, gli esperti di reati finanziari di Europol hanno assistito le autorità spagnole coordinando le indagini e fornendo supporto operativo. Il giorno dell’operazione, un esperto di criptovalute è stato persino inviato in Spagna per assistere gli investigatori.

Mentre i metodi utilizzati dai criminali sono ancora oggetto di indagine, la polizia afferma di aver ormai compreso il modus operandi del gruppo, che ha spostato e nascosto i fondi rubati attraverso i suoi canali in Asia.

“Per svolgere le loro attività fraudolente, si ritiene che i leader del gruppo criminale si siano avvalsi di una rete di complici in tutto il mondo che raccoglievano fondi tramite prelievi di contanti, bonifici bancari e trasferimenti di criptovalute”, ha dichiarato Europol. “Gli investigatori sospettano che l’organizzazione criminale abbia creato una rete aziendale e bancaria con sede a Hong Kong che utilizzava gateway di pagamento e conti su vari exchange, creati a nome di persone diverse, per ricevere, conservare e trasferire fondi ottenuti tramite attività criminali”.

La dichiarazione di Europol sottolinea specificamente il ruolo dell’intelligenza artificiale nella diffusione delle frodi sugli investimenti, che stanno diventando sempre più sofisticate.

L'articolo Pig Butchering Scam: Arrestati 5 criminali in Spagna per una frode da 540 milioni di dollari proviene da il blog della sicurezza informatica.

Interested in what Immigration and Customs Enforcement is up to? Step right up to read ICE’s many press releases touting their accomplishments, watch Dr. Phil’s ICE ride-alongs on his new TV network, and, of course, follow ICE on social platform X.

Just don’t expect to read independent reporting about ICE activity — at least not if government officials get their way. Journalists and members of the public who report on ICE are increasingly under attack by officials who would prefer to silence them so government propaganda can fill the information void.

Threatening investigations on spurious grounds

The most recent example is the government’s attack on CNN for its reporting about an app called ICEBlock that alerts users to sightings of ICE agents nearby.

“Border czar” Tom Homan called on the Department of Justice to investigate CNN for its reporting, and Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said her agency is working with the DOJ on a potential prosecution of CNN for “encouraging people to avoid law enforcement activities and operations.”

Press secretary Karoline Leavitt also accused CNN of inciting violence against ICE officers, despite no evidence that ICEBlock, let alone CNN’s reporting on it, has caused any violence.

An app that reports on the presence of law enforcement officers in public isn’t illegal. ICEBlock’s creator told CNN that its purpose is to help people “avoid interactions with ICE,” and many people have legitimate reasons to want to avoid ICE, even if they’re not in the country illegally. At the risk of stating the obvious, journalism about ICEBlock is also legal and protected by the First Amendment.

But none of that has stopped administration officials from making threats, probably with the hope of intimidating CNN and others from reporting on public efforts to counter ICE. They had to have known that their baseless accusations would lead to even more people finding out about ICEBlock. But this isn’t about ICEBlock, it’s about chilling journalism.

Opening baseless investigations

And officials haven’t stopped at just threatening investigations for reporting on ICE. In February, the Federal Communications Commission actually opened an investigation into a California radio station, KCBS, after it reported on ICE raids happening in San Jose.

FCC Chair Brendan Carr said that broadcasting the locations of ICE agents violates FCC rules requiring licensees to operate in the “public interest,” even though such reporting is constitutionally protected. The fact that KCBS is owned by a nonprofit controlled by Democratic megadonor George Soros surely didn’t endear the station to Carr either.

Again, the clear intent of this investigation — and others by the FCC — is to chill news outlets from reporting on ICE and other topics the administration would prefer they avoid. KCBS, for instance, apparently removed the news report on the San Jose raids from its website after the FCC announced its investigation.

Transforming ICE into secret police

Some Republicans in Congress seem to also want in on the secrecy, by turning ICE into the secret police.

In June, Sen. Marsha Blackburn introduced the “Protecting Law Enforcement from Doxxing Act,” a bill that would make it a crime to name a federal law enforcement officer, including ICE officers, in certain circumstances. Sen. Lindsey Graham joined as a co-sponsor of the bill after grandstanding on social media about the need for legislation to prohibit the disclosure of the identities of ICE agents and other federal law enforcement officers.

While Blackburn’s bill requires the “intent to obstruct a criminal investigation or immigration enforcement operation” when naming an ICE officer, that will likely offer little protection when officials are constantly claiming that any public scrutiny of ICE obstructs its work. Those found guilty under the law could be imprisoned for five years.

ICE freezing out transparency

Finally, ICE itself is pushing for more and more secrecy. The agency often refuses or fails to respond to Freedom of Information Act requests, leading news outlets and other requesters to sue. It illegally attempted to curtail congressional visits to ICE facilities, and then apparently quickly and quietly rescinded that guidance.

In May, ICE asked the San Francisco Standard to blur the faces of ICE agents whose pictures were taken in public during an operation at a courthouse. The Standard refused and then reported on the request under the headline, “The ICE agents disappearing your neighbors would like a little privacy, please.”

Last week, ICE agents in New York reportedly harassed journalists attempting to cover immigration court proceedings, including by photographing their press credentials.

Perhaps most disturbingly, ICE is currently attempting to deport Mario Guevara, a journalist known for documenting immigration raids, after he was arrested on unjustified charges while covering a “No Kings” protest in Georgia. Guevara now faces the prospect of being returned to El Salvador, a country he left after receiving death threats for his reporting.

He’s been granted bond, but the government alarmingly argued that his livestreaming of a protest justifies deporting him because he publicized law enforcement activities (which is what journalists are supposed to do).

In addition to using deportations to punish reporting, the administration is also targeting opinion writing. It’s currently attempting to deport Tufts University student Rümeysa Öztürk over an op-ed she co-wrote.

These potential deportations send a chilling message to other journalists who’ve fled to the United States from repressive countries. As one reporter told The New Yorker about Guevara’s case, “Today, it was Mario, but tomorrow it could be any one of us.” And while noncitizen journalists are the easiest targets for now, it’s abundantly clear that the government would like to criminalize journalists it doesn’t like, regardless of the journalists’ residency status.

Yet many journalists — like those at the Standard — are refusing to be chilled. Reporters, many at smaller news outlets, have kept reporting on ICE raids in their communities, often relying on video or photos of ICE agents in public captured by the public and posted on social media—videos that Homan and Leavitt would probably claim should be illegal.

Continuing to report and inform the public is exactly the right response to the government’s attempts to intimidate the press from reporting on ICE. But journalists can’t push back on these chilling tactics alone.

“See something, say something” shouldn’t just be a motto for the security state. When you see these chilling tactics employed by the government against the free press, speak up against it—to other journalists, on op-ed pages and in letters to the editor, to ICE, to your state and local representatives, and to Congress.

freedom.press/issues/ice-wants…

“Non è importante che sia o meno una coincidenza ma la Presidente del Consiglio Giorgia Meloni incontra Papa Leone XIV meno di 24 ore dopo l’ufficializzazione del testo sul fine vita, prodotto dal Governo, dopo due mesi di trattative informali, sulla base di testi tenuti segreti, con la Conferenza episcopale italiana, unico interlocutore finora scelto dalla maggioranza”, hanno dichiarato Filomena Gallo e Marco Cappato, Segretaria nazionale e Tesoriere dell’Associazione Luca Coscioni.

“Il merito del provvedimento è coerente con il metodo. La proposta di legge emanata dalla maggioranza cancella alla radice il diritto, che in Italia esiste da 7 anni, all’aiuto medico alla morte volontaria.

Oltre alla questione dell’esclusione del Servizio sanitario nazionale, realizzata affidando a un organo di nomina governativa il potere decisionale sulle richieste dei malati, la disposizione dalle conseguenze più gravi è quella che prevede di limitare il diritto alle persone che siano dipendenti da trattamenti “sostitutivi di funzioni vitali” invece che da “trattamenti di sostegno vitale” (come previsto finora dalla Corte costituzionale). Così facendo, si escludono le persone che a seguito di indicazione medica hanno rifiutato trattamenti di sostegno vitale e le persone totalmente dipendenti da assistenza e trattamenti forniti da familiari o caregiver, che invece finora, in alcuni casi, hanno effettivamente già ottenuto l’aiuto alla morte volontaria da parte del Servizio sanitario nazionale.

Nella speranza che i Parlamentari vorranno deliberare fuori da logiche di partito e di coalizione e vorranno intervenire sul testo rimuovendo le proibizioni e restrizioni apportate rispetto alle regole attuali, come Associazione Luca Coscioni proseguiamo la mobilitazione nel Paese sulla proposta alternativa: la legalizzazione dell’eutanasia, attraverso la sottoscrizione della nostra legge di iniziativa popolare, oltre ai ricorsi giudiziari e al proseguire delle disobbedienze civili”.

L'articolo Meloni porta in regalo al Papa una legge che cancella alla radice il diritto a morire, escludendo chi dipende dall’assistenza di terzi proviene da Associazione Luca Coscioni.