As computers have gotten smaller and less expensive over the years, so have their components. While many of us got our start in the age of through-hole PCBs, this size reduction has led to more and more projects that need the use of surface-mount components and their unique set of tools. These tools tend to be more elaborate than what would be needed for through-hole construction but [Tobi] has a new project that goes into some details about how to build surface-mount projects without breaking the bank.

The project here is interesting in its own right, too: a display module upgrade for the classic Game Boy based on an RP2350B microprocessor. To get all of the components onto a PCB that actually fits into the original case, though, surface-mount is required. For that [Tobi] is using a small USB-powered hotplate to reflow the solder, a Pinecil, and a healthy amount of flux. The hotplate is good enough for a small PCB like this, and any solder bridges can be quickly cleaned up with some extra flux and a quick pass with a soldering iron.

The build goes into a lot of detail about how a process like this works, so if you’ve been hesitant to start working with surface mount components this might be a good introduction. Not only that, but we also appreciate the restoration of the retro video game handheld complete with some new features that doesn’t disturb the original look of the console. One of the other benefits of using the RP2350 for this build is that it’s a lot simpler than using an FPGA, but there are perks to taking the more complicated route as well.

youtube.com/embed/T_xiCUMRSr8?…

hackaday.com/2025/04/22/game-b…

Over the course of more than a decade, physical media has gradually vanished from public view. Once computers had an optical drive except for ultrabooks, but these days computer cases that even support an internal optical drive are rare. Rather than manuals and drivers included on a data CD you now get a QR code for an online download. In the home, DVD and Blu-ray (BD) players have given way to smart TVs with integrated content streaming apps for various services. Music and kin are enjoyed via smart speakers and smart phones that stream audio content from online services. Even books are now commonly read on screens rather than printed on paper.

With these changes, stores selling physical media have mostly shuttered, with much audiovisual and software content no longer pressed on discs or printed. This situation might lead one to believe that the end of physical media is nigh, but the contradiction here comes in the form of a strong revival of primarily what used to be considered firmly obsolete physical media formats. While CD, DVD and BD sales are plummeting off a cliff, vinyl records, cassette tapes and even media like 8-track tapes are undergoing a resurgence, in a process that feels hard to explain.

How big is this revival, truly? Are people tired of digital restrictions management (DRM), high service fees and/or content in their playlists getting vanished or altered? Perhaps it is out of a sense of (faux) nostalgia?

A Deserved End

Ask anyone who ever has had to use any type of physical media and they’ll be able to provide a list of issues with various types of physical media. Vinyl always was cumbersome, with clicking and popping from dust in the grooves, and gradual degradation of the record with a lifespan in the hundreds of plays. Audio cassettes were similar, with especially Type I cassettes having a lot of background hiss that the best Dolby noise reduction (NR) systems like Dolby B, C and S only managed to tame to a certain extent.

Add to this issues like wow and flutter, and the joy of having a sticky capstan roller resulting in tape spaghetti when you open the tape deck, ruining that precious tape that you had only recently bought. These issues made CDs an obvious improvement over both audio formats, as they were fully digital and didn’t wear out from merely playing them hundreds of times.

Although audio CDs are better in many ways, they do not lend themselves to portability very well unlike tape, with anti-shock read buffers being an absolute necessity to make portable CD players at all feasible. This same issue made data CDs equally fraught with issues, especially if you went into the business of writing your own (data or audio) CDs on CD-Rs. Burning coasters was exceedingly common for years. Yet the alternative was floppies – with LS-120 and Zip disks never really gaining much market share – or early Flash memory, whether USB sticks (MB-sized) or those inside MP3 players and early digital cameras. There were no good options, but we muddled on.

On the video side VHS had truly brought the theater into the home, even if it was at fuzzy NTSC or PAL quality with astounding color bleed and other artefacts. Much like audio cassette tapes, here too the tape would gradually wear out, with the analog video signal ensuring that making copies would result in an inferior copy.

Rewinding VHS tapes was the eternal curse, especially when popping in that tape from the rental store and finding that the previous person had neither been kind, nor rewound. Even if being able to record TV shows to watch later was an absolute game changer, you better hope that you managed to appease the VHS gods and had it start at the right time.

It could be argued that DVDs were mostly perfect aside from a lack of recording functionality by default and pressed DVDs featuring unskippable trailers and similar nonsense. One can also easily argue here that DVDs’ success was mostly due to its DRM getting cracked early on when the CSS master key leaked. DVDs would also introduce region codes that made this format less universal than VHS and made things like snapping up a movie during an overseas vacation effectively impossible.

This was a practice that BDs doubled-down on, and with the encryption still intact to this day, it means that unlike with DVDs you must pay to be allowed to watch BDs which you previously bought, whether this cost is included in the dedicated BD player, or the license cost for a BD video player for on the PC.

Thus, when streaming services gave access to a very large library for a (small) monthly fee, and cloud storage providers popped up everywhere, it seemed like a no-brainer. It was like paying to have the world’s largest rental store next door to your house, or a data storage center for all your data. All you had to do was create an account, whip out the credit card and no more worries.

Combined with increasingly faster and ubiquitous internet connections, the age of physical media seemed to have come to its natural end.

The Revival

US vinyl record sales 1995-2020. (Credit: Ippantekina with RIAA data)
Despite this perfect landscape where all content is available all the time via online services through your smart speakers, smart TVs, smart phones and so on, the number of vinyl record sales has surged the past years despite its reported death in the early 2000s. In 2024 the vinyl records market grew another few percent, with more and more new record pressing plants coming online. In addition to vinyl sales, UK cassette sales also climbed, hitting 136,000 in 2023. CD sales meanwhile have kept plummeting, but not as strongly any more.

Perhaps the most interesting part is that most of newly released vinyl are new albums, by artists like Taylor Swift, yet even the classics like Pink Floyd and Fleetwood Mac keep selling. As for the ‘why’, some suggest that it’s the social and physical experience of physical media and the associated interactions that is a driving factor. In this sense it’s more of a (cultural) statement, as a rejection of the world of digital streaming. The sleeve of a vinyl record also provides a lot of space for art and other creative expressions, all of which provides a collectible value.

Although so far CD sales haven’t really seen a revival, the much lower cost of producing these shiny discs could reinvigorate this market too for many of the same reasons. Who doesn’t remember hanging out with a buddy and reading the booklet of a CD album which they just put into the player after fetching it from their shelves? Maybe checking the lyrics, finding some fun Easter eggs or interesting factoids that the artists put in it, and having a good laugh about it with your buddy.

As some responded when asked, they like the more intimate experience of vinyl records along with having a physical item to own, while streaming music is fine for background music. The added value of physical media here is thus less about sound quality, and more about a (social) experience and collectibles.

On the video side of the fence there is no such cheerful news, however. In 2024 sales of DVDs, BDs and UHD (4K) BDs dropped by 23.4% year-over-year to below $1B in the US. This compares with a $16B market value in 2005, underlining a collapsing market amidst brick & mortar stores either entirely removing their DVD & BD section, or massively downsizing it. Recently Sony also announced the cessation of its recordable BD, MD and MiniDV media, as a further indication of where the market is heading.

Despite streaming services repeatedly bifurcating themselves and their libraries, raising prices and constantly pulling series and movies, this does not seem to hurt their revenue much, if at all. This is true for both audiovisual services like Netflix, but also for audio streaming services like Spotify, who are seeing increasing demand (per Billboard), even as digital track sales are seeing a pretty big drop year-over-year (-17.9% for Week 16 of 2025).

Perhaps this latter statistic is indicative that the idea of ‘buying’ a music album or film which – courtesy of DRM – is something that you’re technically only leasing, is falling out of favor. This is also illustrated by the end of Apple’s iPod personal music player in favor of its smart phones that are better suited for streaming music on the go. Meanwhile many series and some movies are only released on certain streaming platforms with no physical media release, which incentivizes people to keep those subscriptions.

To continue the big next-door-rental-store analogy, in 2025 said single rental store has now turned into fifty stores, each carrying a different inventory that gets either shuffled between stores or tossed into a shredder from time to time. Yet one of them will have That New Series, which makes them a great choice, unless you like more rare and older titles, in which case you get to hunt the dusty shelves over at EBay and kin.

It’s A Personal Thing

Humans aren’t automatons that have to adhere to rigid programming. They have each their own preferences, ideologies and wishes. While for some people the DRM that has crept into the audiovisual world since DVDs, Sony’s MiniDisc (with initial ATRAC requirement), rootkits on audio CDs, and digital music sales continues to be a deal-breaker, others feel no need to own all the music and videos they like and put them on their NAS for local streaming. For some the lower audio quality of Spotify and kin is no concern, much like for those who listened to 64 kbit WMA files in the early 2000s, while for others only FLACs ripped from a CD can begin to appease their tastes.

Reading through the many reports about ‘the physical media’ revival, what jumps out is that on one hand it is about the exclusivity of releasing something on e.g. vinyl, which is also why sites like Bandcamp offer the purchase of a physical album, and mainstream artists more and more often opt for this. This ties into the other noticeable reason, which is the experience around physical media. Not just that of handling the physical album and operating of the playback device, but also that of the offline experience, being able to share the experience with others without any screens or other distractions around. Call it touching grass in a socializing sense.

As I mentioned already in an earlier article on physical media and its purported revival, there is no reason why people cannot enjoy both physical media as well as online streaming. If one considers the rental store analogy, the former (physical media) is much the same as it always was, while online streaming merely replaces the brick & mortar rental store. Except that these new rental stores do not take requests for tapes or DVDs not in inventory and will instead tell you to subscribe to another store or use a VPN, but that’s another can of worms.

So far optical media seems to be still in freefall, and it’s not certain whether it will recover, or even whether there might be incentives in board rooms to not have DVDs and BDs simply die. Here the thought of having countless series and movies forever behind paywalls, with occasional ‘vanishings’ might be reason enough for more people to seek out a physical version they can own, or it may be that the feared erasure of so much media in this digital, DRM age is inevitable.

Running Up That Hill

Original Sony Walkman TPS-L2 from 1979.
The ironic thing about this revival is that it seems influenced very much by streaming services, such as with the appearance of a portable cassette player in Netflix’s Stranger Things, not to mention Rocket Raccoon’s original Sony Walkman TPS-L2 in Marvel’s Guardians of the Galaxy.

After many saw Sony’s original Walkman in the latter movie, there was a sudden surge in EBay searches for this particular Walkman, as well as replicas being produced by the bucket load, including 3D printed variants. This would seem to support the theory that the revival of vinyl and cassette tapes is more about the experiences surrounding these formats, rather than anything inherent to the format itself, never mind the audio quality.

As we’re now well into 2025, we can quite confidently state that vinyl and cassette tape sales will keep growing this year. Whether or not new (and better) cassette mechanisms (with Dolby NR) will begin to be produced again along with Type II tapes remains to be seen, but there seems to be an inkling of hope there. It was also reported that Dolby is licensing new cassette mechanisms for NR, so who knows.

Meanwhile CD sales may stabilize and perhaps even increase again, in the midst of still a very uncertain future optical media in general. Recordable optical media will likely continue its slow death, as in the PC space Flash storage has eaten its lunch and demanded seconds. Even though PCs no longer tend to have 5.25″ bays for optical drives, even a simple Flash thumb drive tends to be faster and more durable than a BD. Here the appeal of ‘cloud storage’ has been reduced after multiple incidents of data loss & leaks in favor of backing up to a local (SSD) drive.

Finally, as old-school physical audio formats experience a revival, there just remains the one question about whether movies and series will soon only be accessible via streaming services, alongside a veritable black market of illicit copies, or whether BD versions of movies and series will remain available for sale. With the way things are going, we may see future releases on VHS, to match the vibe of vinyl and cassette tapes.

In lieu of clear indications from the industry on what direction things will be heading into, any guess is probably valid at this point. The only thing that seems abundantly clear at this point is that physical media had to die first for us to learn to truly appreciate it.

hackaday.com/2025/04/22/why-ph…

La guerra commerciale tra Stati Uniti e Cina ha raggiunto un nuovo punto di tensione, con Pechino che il 4 aprile ha imposto restrizioni all’esportazione di sette terre rare e magneti chiave. Ora è necessaria una licenza speciale per esportare questi materiali strategici, il che rallenta notevolmente le consegne. La decisione è stata una risposta diretta ai dazi statunitensi, che di recente hanno raggiunto un picco senza precedenti del 245%.

La situazione è particolarmente preoccupante per gli Stati Uniti, poiché più della metà delle terre rare di cui il Paese ha bisogno proviene dalla Cina.

Tuttavia, un gruppo di aziende americane ha già trovato una possibile soluzione al problema: trasformare le apparecchiature dismesse dei data center in una fonte affidabile ed ecologica di risorse preziose.

Un esperimento unico nel suo genere riunisce i giganti della tecnologia Western Digital e Microsoft con Critical Materials Recycling e PedalPoint Recycling. I partecipanti al progetto hanno riciclato quasi 23 tonnellate di hard disk e server usati. Invece dei tradizionali acidi aggressivi che distruggono la struttura dei materiali, gli specialisti hanno utilizzato un metodo innovativo di delicata dissoluzione chimica. La nuova tecnologia consente di separare con cura i componenti delle apparecchiature senza danneggiare i metalli preziosi o creare rifiuti tossici.

Gli esperti sono riusciti a estrarre dai rifiuti neodimio, praseodimio e disprosio: elementi delle terre rare che sono di fondamentale importanza per l’industria moderna. Inoltre, il processo garantiva l’estrazione di oro, rame, alluminio e acciaio ad alta purezza. Stanno già entrando nelle catene di produzione delle aziende che realizzano veicoli elettrici, componenti per l’energia eolica ed elettronica avanzata.

Il metodo di dissoluzione senza acidi (ADR) dimostra infatti un’efficienza impressionante: il 90% delle terre rare e dei metalli di base può essere estratto dalla materia prima e il tasso complessivo di recupero del materiale raggiunge l’80% in peso. La ricerca dimostra che la nuova strategia di riciclaggio riduce le emissioni di gas serra del 95% rispetto all’estrazione e alla raffinazione dei metalli tradizionali.

Per l’esperimento, Microsoft ha fornito vecchie apparecchiature provenienti dai suoi data center sparsi nel Paese. Secondo il vicepresidente aziendale Chuck Graham, i risultati hanno superato le aspettative: ora sanno come rendere lo smaltimento delle unità disco esaurite il più redditizio e rispettoso dell’ambiente possibile e addirittura come implementare questa pratica ovunque.

L’importanza del progetto va ben oltre la responsabilità ambientale delle aziende. La domanda di dischi rigidi cresce di pari passo con lo sviluppo dell’intelligenza artificiale. Organizzare un ciclo completo di produzione di ossido di terre rare all’interno del Paese rafforza la sicurezza nazionale e riduce la dipendenza dall’instabilità dei mercati globali. Nel contesto del crescente confronto tra i due Paesi, si tratta di una questione di sopravvivenza per l’intero settore tecnologico statunitense: niente di più, niente di meno.

L'articolo Stati Uniti A Caccia Di Spazzatura! I Vecchi Data Center sono preziosi dopo il Ban delle Terre rare della Cina proviene da il blog della sicurezza informatica.

As we were looking into a cyberincident in April 2025, we uncovered a rather sophisticated backdoor. It targeted various large organizations in Russia, spanning the government, finance, and industrial sectors. While our investigation into the attack associated with the backdoor is still ongoing, we believe it is crucial to share our preliminary findings with the community. This will enable organizations that may be at risk of infection from the backdoor to take swift action to protect themselves from this threat.

Impersonating a ViPNet update

Our investigation revealed that the backdoor targets computers connected to ViPNet networks. ViPNet is a software suite for creating secure networks. We determined that the backdoor was distributed inside LZH archives with a structure typical of updates for the software product in question. These archives contained the following files:

• action.inf: a text file
• lumpdiag.exe: a legitimate executable
• msinfo32.exe: a small malicious executable
• an encrypted file containing the payload (the name varies between archives)

The ViPNet developer confirmed targeted attacks against some of their users and issued security updates and recommendations for customers (page in Russian).

Malware execution

After analyzing the contents of the archive, we found that the action.inf text file contained an action to be executed by the ViPNet update service component (itcsrvup64.exe) when processing the archive:

[ACTION]action=extra_command
extra_command=lumpdiag.exe --msconfig
As evident from the file content above, when processing extra_command, the update service launches lumpdiag.exe with an --msconfig argument. We mentioned earlier that this is a legitimate file. However, it is susceptible to the path substitution technique. This allows attackers to execute the malicious file msinfo32.exe while lumpdiag.exe is running.

Downloadable payload

The msinfo32.exe file is a loader that reads the encrypted payload file. The loader processes the contents of the file to load the backdoor into memory. This backdoor is versatile: it can connect to a C2 server via TCP, allowing the attacker to steal files from infected computers and launch additional malicious components, among other things. Kaspersky solutions detect this threat as HEUR:Trojan.Win32.Loader.gen.

Multi-layered security is key to preventing sophisticated cyberattacks

The complexity of cyberattacks carried out by APT groups has significantly increased over the years. Attackers can target organizations in highly unusual and unexpected ways. To prevent sophisticated targeted attacks, it is essential to employ multi-layered, defense-in-depth security against cyberthreats. This is the type of security architecture implemented in our Kaspersky NEXT product line, capable of protecting businesses from attacks similar to the one described in this article.

Indicators of compromise

The full list of indicators of compromise is available to subscribers of our Kaspersky Threat Intelligence service.

Hashes of msinfo32.exe

018AD336474B9E54E1BD0E9528CA4DB5
28AC759E6662A4B4BE3E5BA7CFB62204
77DA0829858178CCFC2C0A5313E327C1
A5B31B22E41100EB9D0B9A27B9B2D8EF
E6DB606FA2B7E9D58340DF14F65664B8

Paths to malicious files
%TEMP%\update_tmp*\update\msinfo32.exe
%PROGRAMFILES%\common files\infotecs\update_tmp\driv_*\*\msinfo32.exe
%PROGRAMFILESx86%\InfoTeCS\ViPNet Coordinator\ccc\update_tmp\DRIV_FSA\*\msinfo32.exe

securelist.com/new-backdoor-mi…

Perhaps the most famous adage of journalism — get the truth and print it — continues to face attacks in our courts, and judges often fail to stop them.

A recent case comes from Victoria County, Texas, where last month a judge entered a temporary order preventing the publication of a book about alleged sexual harassment by former Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society director Rod Risley.

The court lifted the order on April 8, but only after the honor society had stopped the book from being published on the first day of its national convention, when it would have had the greatest impact.

Phi Theta Kappa, which sought the restraining order against author Toni Marek, hadn’t claimed that the information in her book is false. By its own admission, Marek received the information legally, either through public records requests or by speaking to former employees. But the honor society argued that the book shouldn’t be published because information in it is “confidential.” A judge initially agreed.

This isn’t the only order barring publication, known as a prior restraint, that Phi Theta Kappa has sought in recent times and won.

In a separate lawsuit, Phi Theta Kappa obtained an order prohibiting the competing HonorSociety.org from speaking about it online. Among other things, the order forbade HonorSociety.org from editing Phi Theta Kappa’s Wikipedia page or publishing independent reporting on Risley, regardless of whether those edits or publications were true.

A federal court of appeals recently struck down the order as overly broad.

The initial decisions granting the ban on Marek’s book and the gag on HonorSociety.org both suffer from the same glaring problem: the First Amendment.

The First Amendment prohibits prior restraints in all but the most extreme circumstances. In 1971, the Supreme Court even rebuffed the government’s attempt to stop the press from publishing the Pentagon Papers, documents the government claimed contained state secrets that could harm national security.

Censorship orders harm our freedom of speech no matter how long they last.

The Court has also repeatedly affirmed the First Amendment right to publish lawfully obtained, truthful information on matters of public concern.

But even though these censorship orders are supposed to be extremely rare and are almost always unconstitutional, prior restraints seem to be persisting.

One reason may be that judges are failing to recognize the First Amendment interests at stake when someone asks for a prior restraint on an "emergency" basis, as Phi Theta Kappa did in the case of Marek’s book. Because the honor society sought a temporary restraining order, Marek didn’t have a chance to appear in court and argue her side before the judge entered the initial order banning publication.

This isn’t a problem isolated to Texas. In February, a Mississippi court ordered The Clarksdale Press Register to remove an editorial criticizing Democratic Mayor Chuck Espy’s office for failing to properly notify the public of a special meeting, as required by state law. The city government claimed the editorial was defamatory, even though the city clerk admitted in an affidavit that she had failed to follow the notification law.

First Amendment experts immediately condemned the order. But as in Marek’s case, the city sought a temporary restraining order and the court granted it without giving the Press Register a chance to respond to the allegations or raise First Amendment arguments. Only after a national outcry did the city drop its suit and the court lift its censorship order.

Even though courts eventually ended the prior restraints on Marek, HonorSociety.org, and The Clarksdale Press Register, the fact that they entered them at all is a huge problem. Censorship orders harm our freedom of speech no matter how long they last.

It’s also a problem that nobody involved stopped to think about the First Amendment, at least at first. Both lawyers and judges need to do more to protect the constitutional rights of the public and the press.

Every lawyer in America is taught constitutional law, and even the most cursory legal research would turn up Supreme Court precedent on prior restraints. Lawyers seeking prior restraints have an ethical obligation to disclose law that cuts against their case to the court. But far too many emergency requests to censor speech fail to mention even the most well-known First Amendment decisions.

Judges, too, should hear First Amendment alarm bells ringing when they’re asked to restrain speech. When someone seeks an emergency order prohibiting speech, judges shouldn’t simply accept their arguments. They must independently research the law to be sure that their orders don’t violate the Constitution. They also can and should sanction lawyers who fail to mention any of the many cases prohibiting prior restraints.

Giving the proper attention and weight to freedom of speech isn’t too much to ask of our legal system. When lawyers and judges neglect their professional responsibility and neglect the Constitution, we all become vulnerable to censorship.

freedom.press/issues/free-spee…