Recently [Colin Leroy-Mira] found himself slipping into a bit of a rabbit hole while investigating why only under Apple II MAME emulation there was a lot of flickering when using the (emulated) Apple II MouseCard. This issue could not be reproduced on real (PAL or NTSC) hardware. The answer all comes down to how the card synchronizes with the system’s vertical blanking (VBL) while drawing to the screen.

The Apple II MouseCard is one of the many peripheral cards produced for the system, originally bundled with a version of MacPaint for the Apple II. While not a super popular card at the time, it nevertheless got used by other software despite this Apple system still being based around a command line interface.

According to the card’s documentation the interrupt call (IRQ) can be set to 50 or 60 Hz to match the local standard. Confusingly, certain knowledgeable people told him that the card could not be synced to the VBL as it had no knowledge of this. As covered in the article and associated MAME issue ticket, it turns out that the card is very much synced with the VBL exactly as described in The Friendly Manual, with the card’s firmware being run by the system’s CPU, which informs the card of synchronization events.

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/the-ap…

We always enjoy [The History Guy], and we wish he’d do more history of science and technology. But when he does, he always delivers! His latest video, which you can see below, focuses on the Cold War pursuit of creating transfermium elements. That is, the discovery of elements that appear above fermium using advanced techniques like cyclotrons.

There was a brief history of scientists producing unnatural elements. The two leaders in this work were a Soviet lab, the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, and a US lab at Berkeley.

You’d think the discovery of new elements wouldn’t be very exciting. However, with the politics of the day, naming elements became a huge exercise in diplomacy.

Part of the problem was the difficulty in proving you created a huge atom for a few milliseconds. It was often the case that the initial inventor wasn’t entirely clear.

We were buoyed to learn that American scientists named an element(Mendelevium) after a Russian scientist as an act of friendship, although the good feelings didn’t last.

We wonder if a new element pops up, if we can get some votes for Hackadaium. Don’t laugh. You might not need a cyclotron anymore.

youtube.com/embed/GgJrnrDh8y4?…

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/the-nu…

Everyone knows what its like to get a hankering for a specific food. In [Attoparsec]’s case, he wanted waffles. Not any waffles would do, though; he needed waffles in the form of a labyrinth. Those don’t exist, so he had to machine his own waffle maker.
When computers were the size of rooms, these stood in where we’d use CNC today.
Most of us would have run this off on a CNC, but [Attoparsec] isn’t into CNCing–manual machining is his hobby, and he’s not interested in getting into another one, no matter how much more productive he admits it might make him. We can respect that. After a bit of brain sweat thinking of different ways to cut out the labyrinth shape, he has the opportunity to pick up an antique Deckle pantograph mill.

These machines were what shops used to do CNC before the ‘computer numeric’ part was a thing. By tracing out a template (which [Attoparsec] 3D prints, so he’s obviously no Luddite) complex shapes can be milled with ease. Complex shapes like a labyrnthine wafflemaker. Check out the full video below; it’s full of all sorts of interesting details about the machining process and the tools involved.

If you don’t need to machine cast iron, but are interested in the techniques seen here, a wooden pantorouter might be more your speed than a one-tonne antique. If you have a hankering for waffles but would rather use CNC, check out these design tips to help you get started. If pancakes are more your style, why not print them?

Shoutout to [the gambler] for sending this into the tip line. We think he struck the jackpot on this one. If you have a tip, don’t be shy.

youtube.com/embed/SlCJ6hp1xZY?…

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/antiqu…

[Martin Lorton] has a vintage Harmon 4200B selective voltmeter that needed repair. He picked it up on eBay, and he knew it wasn’t working, but it was in good condition, especially for the price. He’s posted four videos about what’s inside and how he’s fixing it. You can see the first installment below.

The 4200B is an RMS voltmeter and is selective because it has a tuned circuit to adjust to a particular frequency. The unit uses discrete components and has an analog meter along with an LCD counter.

The initial tests didn’t work out well because the analog meter was stuck, so it wouldn’t go beyond about 33% of full scale.

Since there are four videos (so far), there is a good bit of information and detail about the meter. However, it is an interesting piece of gear and part 3 is interesting if you want to see inside an analog meter movement.

By the fourth video, things seem to be working well. You might want to browse the manual for the similar 4200A manual to get oriented.

Forgot why we measure RMS? You weren’t the only one. RMS conversion in meters is a big topic and there are many ways to do it.

youtube.com/embed/P614i6uTfqk?…

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/inside…

The Intel 8051 series of 8-bit microcontrollers is long-discontinued by its original manufacturer, but lives on as a core included in all manner of more recent chips. It’s easy to understand and program, so it remains a fixture despite much faster replacements appearing.

If you can’t find an original 40-pin DIP don’t worry, because [mit41301] has produced a board in a compatible 40-pin format. It’s called the single chip computer not because such a thing is a novelty in 2025, but because it has no need for the support chips which would have come with the original.

The modern 8051 clone in use is a CH558 or CH559, both chips with far more onboard than the original. The pins are brought out to one side only of the board, because on the original the other side would interface with an external RAM chip. It speaks serial, and can be used through either a USB-to-serial or Bluetooth-to-serial chip. There’s MCS-BASIC for it, so programming should be straightforward.

We can see the attraction of this board even though we reach for much more accomplished modern CPUs by choice. Several decades ago the original 8051 on Intel dev boards was our university teaching microcontoller, so there remains here a soft spot for it. We certainly see other 8051 designs, as for example this Arduino clone.

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/a-sing…

When you’ve had some kind of injury, rehabilitation can be challenging. You often need to be careful about how you’re using the affected parts of your body, as well as pursue careful exercises for repair and restoration of function. It can be tedious and tiring work, for patients and treating practitioners alike.

Juan Diego Zambrano, Abdelrahman Farag, and Ivan Hernandez have been working on new technology to aid those going through this challenging process. Their talk at the 2024 Hackaday Supercon covers an innovative motion monitoring device intended to aid rehabilitation goals in a medical context.

Motion Project

youtube.com/embed/_5ySbBsYnZg?…

As outlined in the talk, the team took a measured and reasoned approach to developing their device. The project started by defining the problem at hand, before proposing a potential solution. From there, it was a case of selecting the right hardware to do the job, and developing it alongside the necessary software to make it all work.
The Arduino Nano BLE33 had most of the necessary functionality for this project, out of the box.
The problem in question regarded helping children through rehabilitative therapies. Structured activities are used to help develop abilities in areas like motor skills, coordination, and balance. These can be particularly challenging for children with physical or developmental difficulties, and can be repetitive at the best of times, leading to a lack of engagement. “We wanted to solve that… we wanted to make it more interactive and more useful for the therapies and for the doctors,” Ivan explains, with an eye to increasing motivation for the individual undergoing rehabilitation.

Other challenges also exist in this arena. Traditional rehabilitation methods offer no real-time feedback to the individual on how they’re performing. There is also a need for manual monitoring and record keeping of the individual’s performance, which can be tedious and often relies on subjective assessments.
The device was demonstrated mounted on a patient’s chest, while being used in a game designed for balance work.
Having explored the literature on game-based therapy techniques, the team figured a wearable device with sensors could aid in solving some of these issues. Thus they created their immersive motion rehabilitation device.

At the heart of the build is an Arduino Nano BLE33, so named for its Bluetooth Low Energy wireless communications hardware. Onboard is an nRF52840 microcontroller, which offers both good performance and low power consumption. The real benefit of this platform, though, is that it includes an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and magnetometer on board and ready to go. The IMU in question is the BMI270, which combines a high-precision 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope into a single package. If you want to track motion in three dimensions, this is a great way to do it.

For user feedback, some additional hardware was needed. The team added a vibration motor, RGB LED, and buzzer for this reason. Controlling the device is simple, with the buttons on board. In order to make the device easy to use for therapists, it’s paired with a Windows application, programmed in C#. It’s used for monitoring and analysis of the wearer’s performance during regular rehabilitation activities.
The user’s motions are recorded while playing a simple game, providing useful clinical data.
The talk explains how this simple, off-the-shelf hardware was used to aid the rehabilitation experience. By gamifying things, users are prompted to better engage with the therapy process by completing tasks monitored by the device’s sensors. Fun graphics and simple gameplay ideas are used to make a boring exercise into something more palatable to children going through rehabilitation.

The team go on to explain the benefits on the clinical side of things, regarding how data collection and real time monitoring can aid in delivery. The project also involved the creation of a system for generating reports and accessing patient data to support this work, as well as a fun connection assistant called Sharky.

Overall, the talk serves as a useful insight as to how commonly-available hardware can be transformed into useful clinical tools. Indeed, it’s not so different from the gamification we see all the time in the exercise space, where smartwatches and apps are used to increase motivation and provide data for analysis. Ultimately, with a project like this, if you can motivate a patient to pursue their rehabilitation goals while collecting data at the same time, that’s useful in more ways than one.

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/superc…

This week, Hackaday’s Elliot Williams and Kristina Panos met up across the universe to bring you the latest news, mystery sound, and of course, a big bunch of hacks from the previous week.

In Hackaday news, the 2025 Pet Hacks Contest rolls on. You have until June 10th to show us what you’ve got, so head over to Hackaday.IO and get started today!

On What’s That Sound, Kristina actually got it this time, although she couldn’t quite muster the correct name for it, however at Hackaday we’ll be calling it the “glassophone” from now on. Congratulations to [disaster_recovered] who fared better and wins a limited edition Hackaday Podcast t-shirt!

After that, it’s on to the hacks and such, beginning with a complete and completely-documented wireless USB autopsy. We take a look at a lovely 3D-printed downspout, some DIY penicillin, and a jellybean iMac that’s hiding a modern PC. Finally, we explore a really cool 3D printing technology, and ask what happened to typing ‘www.’.

Check out the links below if you want to follow along, and as always, tell us what you think about this episode in the comments!

html5-player.libsyn.com/embed/…

Download in DRM-free MP3 and savor at your leisure.

Where to Follow Hackaday Podcast

Places to follow Hackaday podcasts:

• iTunes
• Spotify
• Stitcher
• RSS
• YouTube
• Check out our Libsyn landing page

Episode 320 Show Notes:

News:

• The Pet Hacks Challenge rolls on!

What’s that Sound?

• Congratulations to [disaster_recovered] for the glass armonica pick!

Interesting Hacks of the Week:

• Wireless USB Autopsy
• 3D Printed Downspout Makes Life Just A Little Nicer
• DIY Penicillin
• Jellybean Mac Hides Modern PC
• Liquid Silicone 3D Printing Is No Joke
• Creative PCB Business Cards Are Sure To Make An Impression

Quick Hacks:

• Elliot’s Picks:
  
  • 3D Printed TPU Bellows With PLA Interface Layers
  • Germany’s Cabinentaxi: The Double-Sided Monorail That Wasn’t Meant To Be
  • PCB Renewal Aims To Make Old Boards Useful Again

  
  

• Kristina’s Picks:
  
  • A Neat E-Paper Digit Clock (or Four)
  • All-Band Radio Records Signals, Plays MP3s
  • 3D Printed Spirograph Makes Art Out Of Walnut

  
  

Can’t-Miss Articles:

• Optical Contact Bonding: Where The Macro Meets The Molecular
• Flow Visualization With Schlieren Photography
• What Happened To WWW.?

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/hackad…

You’re designing an oscilloscope with modest storage — only 15,000 samples per channel. However, the sample rate is at 5 Gs/s, and you have to store all four channels at that speed and depth. While there is a bit of a challenge implied, this is quite doable using today’s technology. But what about in the 1990s when the Tektronix TDS 684B appeared on the market? [Tom Verbure] wondered how it was able to do such a thing. He found out, and since he wrote it up, now you can find out, too.

Inside the scope, there are two PCBs. There’s a CPU board, of course. But there’s not enough memory there to account for the scope’s capability. That much high-speed memory would have been tough in those days, anyway. The memory is actually on the analog board along with the inputs and digitizers. That should be a clue.

The secret is the ADG286D from National Semiconductor. While we can’t find any info on the chip, it appears to be an analog shift register, something all the rage at the time. These chips often appeared in audio special effect units because they could delay an analog signal easily.

In practice, the device worked by charging a capacitor to an input signal and then, using a clock, dumping each capacitor into the next one until the last capacitor produced the delayed output. Like any delay line, you could feed the output to the input and have a working memory device.

The scope would push samples into the memory at high speed. Then the CPU could shift them back out on a much slower clock. A clever design and [Tom] gives us a great glimpse inside a state-of-the-art 1990s-era scope.

While we haven’t seen the ADG286D before, we have looked at analog shift registers, if you want to learn more.

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/oscill…

Cryptographic messaging has been in the news a lot recently. Like the formal audit of WhatsApp (the actual PDF). And the results are good. There are some minor potential problems that the audit highlights, but they are of questionable real-world impact. The most consequential is how easy it is to add additional members to a group chat. Or to put it another way, there are no cryptographic guarantees associated with adding a new user to a group.

The good news is that WhatsApp groups don’t allow new members to read previous messages. So a user getting added to a group doesn’t reveal historic messages. But a user added without being noticed can snoop on future messages. There’s an obvious question, as to how this is a weakness. Isn’t it redundant, since anyone with the permission to add someone to a group, can already read the messages from that group?

That’s where the lack of cryptography comes in. To put it simply, the WhatsApp servers could add users to groups, even if none of the existing users actually requested the addition. It’s not a vulnerability per se, but definitely a design choice to keep in mind. Keep an eye on the members in your groups, just in case.

The Signal We Have at Home

The TeleMessage app has been pulled from availability, after it was used to compromise Signal communications of US government officials. There’s political hay to be made out of the current administration’s use and potential misuse of Signal, but the political angle isn’t what we’re here for. The TeleMessage client is Signal compatible, but adds message archiving features. Government officials and financial companies were using this alternative client, likely in order to comply with message retention laws.

While it’s possible to do long term message retention securely, TeleMessage was not doing this particularly well. The messages are stripped of their end-to-end encryption in the client, before being sent to the archiving server. It’s not clear exactly how, but those messages were accessed by a hacker. This nicely demonstrates the inherent tension between the need for transparent archiving as required by the US government for internal communications, and the need for end-to-end encryption.

The NSO Judgement

WhatsApp is in the news for another reason, this time winning a legal judgement against NSO Group for their Pegasus spyware. The $167 Million in damages casts real doubt on the idea that NSO has immunity to develop and deploy malware, simply because it’s doing so for governments. This case is likely to be appealed, and higher courts may have a different opinion on this key legal question, so hold on. Regardless, the era of NSO’s nearly unrestricted actions is probably over. They aren’t the only group operating in this grey legal space, and the other “legal” spyware/malware vendors are sure to be paying attention to this ruling as well.

The $5 Wrench

In reality, the weak point of any cryptography scheme is the humans using it. We’re beginning to see real world re-enactments of the famous XKCD $5 wrench, that can defeat even 4096-bit RSA encryption. In this case, it’s the application of old crime techniques to new technology like cryptocurrency. To quote Ars Technica:

We have reached the “severed fingers and abductions” stage of the crypto revolution

The flashy stories involve kidnapping and torture, but let’s not forget that the most common low-tech approach is simple deception. Whether you call it the art of the con, or social engineering, this is still the most likely way to lose your savings, whether it’s conventional or a cryptocurrency.

The SonicWall N-day

WatchTowr is back with yet another reverse-engineered vulnerability. More precisely, it’s two CVEs that are being chained together to achieve pre-auth Remote Code Execution (RCE) on SonicWall appliances. This exploit chain has been patched, but not everyone has updated, and the vulnerabilities are being exploited in the wild.

The first vulnerability at play is actually from last year, and is in Apache’s mod_rewrite module. This module is widely used to map URLs to source files, and it has a filename confusion issue where a url-encoded question mark in the path can break the mapping to the final filesystem path. A second issue is that when DocumentRoot is specified, instances of RewriteRule take on a weird dual-meaning. The filesystem target refers to the location inside DocumentRoot, but it first checks for that location in the filesystem root itself. This was fixed in Apache nearly a year ago, but it takes time for patches to roll out.

SonicWall was using a rewrite rule to serve CSS files, and the regex used to match those files is just flexible enough to be abused for arbitrary file read. /mnt/ram/var/log/httpd.log%3f.1.1.1.1a-1.css matches that rule, but includes the url-encoded question mark, and matches a location on the root filesystem. There are other, more interesting files to access, like the temp.db SQLite database, which contains session keys for the currently logged in users.

The other half of this attack is a really clever command injection using one of the diagnostic tools included in the SonicWall interface. Traceroute6 is straightforward, running a traceroute6 command and returning the results. It’s also got good data sanitization, blocking all of the easy ways to break out of the traceroute command and execute some arbitrary code. The weakness is that while this sanitization adds backslashes to escape quotes and other special symbols, it stores the result in a fixed-length result buffer. If the result of this escaping process overflows the result buffer, it writes over the null terminator and into the buffer that holds the original command before it’s sanitized. This overflow is repeated when the command is run, and with some careful crafting, this results in escaping the sanitization and including arbitrary commands. Clever.

The AI CVE DDoS

[Daniel Stenberg], lead developer of curl, is putting his foot down. We’ve talked about this before, even chatting with Daniel about the issue when we had him on FLOSS Weekly. Curl’s bug bounty project has attracted quite a few ambitious people, that don’t actually have the skills to find vulnerabilities in the curl codebase. Instead, these amateur security researchers are using LLMs to “find vulnerabilities”. Spoiler, LLMs aren’t yet capable of this task. But LLMs are capable of writing fake vulnerability reports that look very convincing at first read. The game is usually revealed when the project asks a question, and the fake researcher feeds the LLM response back into the bug report.

This trend hasn’t slowed, and the curl project is now viewing the AI generated vulnerability reports as a form of DDoS. In response, the curl Hackerone bounty program will soon ask a question with every entry: “Did you use an AI to find the problem or generate this submission?” An affirmative answer won’t automatically disqualify the report, but it definitely puts the burden on the reporter to demonstrate that the flaw is real and wasn’t hallucinated. Additionally, “AI slop” reports will result in permanent bans for the reporter.

It’s good to see that not all AI content is completely disallowed, as it’s very likely that LLMs will be involved in finding and describing vulnerabilities before long. Just not in this naive way, where a single prompt results in a vulnerability find and generates a patch that doesn’t even apply. Ironically, one of the tells of an AI generated report is that it’s too perfect, particularly for someone’s first report. AI is still the hot new thing, so this issue likely isn’t going away any time soon.

Bits and Bytes

A supply chain attack has been triggered against several hundred Magento e-commerce sites, via at least three software vendors distributing malicious code. One of the very odd elements to this story is that it appears this malicious code has been incubating for six years, and only recently invoked for malicious behavior.

On the WordPress side of the fence, the Ottokit plugin was updated last month to fix a critical vulnerability. That update was force pushed to the majority of WordPress sites running that plugin, but that hasn’t stopped threat actors from attempting to use the exploit, with the first attempts coming just an hour and a half after disclosure.

It turns out it’s probably not a great idea to allow control codes as part of file names. Portswigger has a report of a couple ways VS Code can do the wrong thing with such filenames.

And finally, this story comes with a disclaimer: Your author is part of Meshtastic Solutions and the Meshtastic project. We’ve talked about Meshtastic a few times here on Hackaday, and would be remiss not to point out CVE-2025-24797. This buffer overflow could theoretically result in RCE on the node itself. I’ve seen at least one suggestion that this is a wormable vulnerability, which may be technically true, but seems quite impractical in practice. Upgrade your nodes to at least release 2.6.2 to get the fix.

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/this-w…

Il maxi-blackout che ieri ha paralizzato per ore Spagna e Portogallo ha impressionato l’Europa intera e messo sotto stress non solo la capacità di reazione dei governi di Madrid e Lisbona, chiamati a gestire in condizioni d’incertezza i Paesi mentre le infrastrutture apparivano estremamente rallentate dall’interruzione dell’energia elettrica, ma anche l’elaborazione politica delle autorità di altri Paesi. Il blackout iberico mostra la necessità di sviluppare capacità di gestione delle infrastrutture critiche in grado di garantire sicurezza e resilienza anche in condizioni d’incertezza e mostrano la vulnerabilità delle reti alle operazioni asimmetriche e di guerra ibrida oggi sempre al centro del dibattito degli strateghi.

Di questi temi parliamo con l’ingegner Giuseppe Lucci, collaboratore di ricerca dell’Osservatorio per la Sicurezza del Sistema Industriale Strategico Nazionale (OSSISNa) costituito in seno al Centro Italiano di Strategia e Intelligence (Cisint) e specialista Grid Development di E-Distribuzione. Per OSSISNa e per Strategic Leadership Journal, la testata del Centro Altri Studi Difesa, Lucci ha di recente pubblicato interessanti studi sui temi di cui discute con InsideOver, centrali per la sicurezza strategica delle economie più avanzate in un’epoca incerta.

Cosa ci insegna la crisi del blackout iberico in materia di sicurezza e resilienza delle infrastrutture elettriche critiche?

“Il recente blackout che ha colpito la Penisola Iberica ci offre importanti spunti di riflessione sulla vulnerabilità dei nostri sistemi energetici, pur ricordando che le cause precise dell’evento non sono ancora state accertate. Osservando quanto accaduto, possiamo comunque trarre alcune considerazioni preliminari che meritano attenzione. Innanzitutto, l’isolamento energetico di Spagna e Portogallo si è rivelato un fattore critico. Questi Paesi, pur disponendo di capacità produttiva propria, quando si sono trovati in difficoltà non hanno potuto contare su sufficienti interconnessioni con il resto d’Europa. È come se vivessero in una casa ben riscaldata ma con pochissime porte e finestre: al primo problema interno, le vie d’uscita sono limitate. Inoltre, le reti di trasmissione ad alta tensione hanno mostrato la loro centralità strategica. Un sistema elettrico è forte quanto il suo anello più debole, e bastano criticità su poche linee principali per innescare effetti a catena su territori vastissimi. Immaginate un sistema stradale dove, bloccate poche autostrade chiave, tutto il traffico si paralizza senza alternative percorribili”.

Nelle crisi urge la possibilità di agire in maniera rapida e coordinata…

“Durante la crisi, la velocità di reazione e il coordinamento tra operatori si sono rivelati determinanti. Come in una squadra di emergenza ben addestrata, la capacità di agire rapidamente e in modo sincronizzato ha fatto la differenza, sebbene siano emerse anche difficoltà nel prendere decisioni tempestive in assenza di scenari preimpostati. Un altro aspetto emerso riguarda la nostra crescente dipendenza dai sistemi digitali per il controllo delle reti elettriche. Questi strumenti, fondamentali per la gestione quotidiana, potrebbero trasformarsi in punti di vulnerabilità in situazioni critiche, sia per malfunzionamenti tecnici che per possibili attacchi informatici”.

La generazione energetica di Spagna e Portogallo è fortemente basata sulle fondi rinnovabili. Che riflessioni impone questo dato di fatto?

“L’alta percentuale di energia rinnovabile nel mix iberico solleva interrogativi sulla gestione di queste fonti intermittenti in situazioni di emergenza. La transizione verde, pur necessaria, richiede adeguati sistemi di accumulo e backup per garantire stabilità anche nei momenti critici. Il blackout iberico ci ricorda che la resilienza energetica non si misura solo in megawatt disponibili, ma nella robustezza dell’intero ecosistema: qualità delle reti, prontezza operativa, integrazione sicura delle rinnovabili e capacità di risposta alle emergenze. È un campanello d’allarme per tutta l’Europa: anche sistemi apparentemente solidi possono rivelare fragilità inaspettate quando sottoposti a stress. Mentre aspettiamo di conoscere le cause precise dell’incidente, questa crisi ci invita già a ripensare i nostri paradigmi di sicurezza energetica con uno sguardo più integrato e previdente”.

In che misura questo problema è proprio del sistema di Spagna e Portogallo e quanto invece è potenzialmente estendibile anche al resto dell’Europa occidentale?

“La Penisola Iberica si trova attualmente in una condizione particolare di limitata integrazione energetica con il resto dell’Europa, una situazione che merita un’analisi approfondita. Spagna e Portogallo presentano una capacità di interconnessione con la rete elettrica continentale significativamente inferiore rispetto agli obiettivi stabiliti dall’Unione Europea, circostanza che comporta ripercussioni sia in termini di sicurezza energetica che di efficienza economica. La conformazione geografica, con i Pirenei che costituiscono una barriera naturale, rappresenta un fattore oggettivo che ha limitato lo sviluppo di adeguate infrastrutture di connessione con la Francia. Questo aspetto, unito alla notevole penetrazione di energie rinnovabili non programmabili nel mix energetico iberico, genera una situazione in cui la gestione dei flussi energetici risulta particolarmente complessa, con conseguenti differenziali di prezzo rispetto al mercato continentale”.

Il problema è esclusivamente iberico o ci sono altri casi simili?

“È opportuno considerare come alcune di queste problematiche, sebbene con intensità differente, si manifestino anche in altre aree dell’Europa occidentale. Le reti di trasmissione di diversi Paesi europei mostrano crescenti segni di congestione, mentre l’evoluzione del panorama produttivo legato alla transizione energetica sta introducendo nuove sfide infrastrutturali. Regioni come l’Italia meridionale e insulare, così come l’Irlanda, presentano già situazioni di parziale isolamento energetico su scala regionale. La questione iberica può pertanto essere interpretata come un caso di studio rilevante per comprendere le potenziali criticità che potrebbero interessare altre aree europee qualora lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture di rete non procedesse di pari passo con la trasformazione del mix energetico. Il fenomeno suggerisce l’importanza di un approccio coordinato a livello continentale per garantire un’efficace integrazione dei mercati energetici europei, requisito essenziale per il successo della transizione verso un sistema energetico più sostenibile”.

Le cause restano da chiarire. Non ci sono prove della possibilità di un attacco ostile ma chiaramente casi del genere sarebbero le conseguenze di qualsiasi offensiva cybernetica. Chi studia operazioni di guerra asimmetrica contro le reti prende appunti da queste vulnerabilità?

“Il blackout che ha colpito la Penisola Iberica ci offre uno spaccato illuminante sulle fragilità dei nostri sistemi energetici moderni. Sebbene le cause precise dell’evento restino ancora da chiarire, ciò che emerge con evidenza è il potenziale che simili situazioni rappresentano per chi studia le operazioni di guerra asimmetrica. Immaginate le nostre reti elettriche come il sistema nervoso della società contemporanea. Un tempo robuste e relativamente semplici, oggi sono diventate incredibilmente sofisticate ma, paradossalmente, anche più vulnerabili. La digitalizzazione che le rende efficienti le trasforma simultaneamente in bersagli ideali per attori che cercano di colpire un avversario “di lato” anziché frontalmente”.

Perché le reti elettriche attirano così tanto l’attenzione degli strateghi militari non convenzionali?

“La risposta è nella loro architettura interconnessa. Un sistema elettrico moderno funziona come un delicato gioco di equilibri: quando questa armonia viene disturbata in punti strategici, l’effetto può propagarsi come onde in uno stagno, amplificandosi ben oltre il punto d’impatto iniziale. Gli esperti che analizzano questi scenari non sono necessariamente interessati alla distruzione fisica delle infrastrutture. Ciò che studiamo nel rapporto OSSISNa 2025 è la possibilità di provocare una “disfunzione sistemica” – un’incapacità temporanea ma estesa del sistema di svolgere le sue funzioni essenziali. Il caos sociale che ne consegue e la pressione politica sui governi possono ottenere risultati strategici significativi senza sparare un colpo”.

Quali sono i profili di minaccia da osservare con maggiore attenzione?

“Particolarmente preoccupante è la nuova frontiera delle vulnerabilità digitali. I sistemi di controllo computerizzati che gestiscono le reti elettriche sono come porte che, se forzate, permettono di manipolare l’intero edificio energetico. Un singolo malware ben posizionato può compromettere centri nevralgici di distribuzione o sistemi di monitoraggio remoto. Non serve più abbattere fisicamente i tralicci quando si può “sussurrare” istruzioni dannose ai computer che li controllano. Ciò che rende questi scenari ancora più inquietanti è l’effetto domino che può scaturirne. Il blackout iberico, qualunque ne sia la causa, ha mostrato come un problema inizialmente circoscritto possa propagarsi attraverso reti insufficientemente compartimentate. Per uno stratega di guerra asimmetrica, questa è una leva formidabile: investire risorse limitate per ottenere effetti sproporzionati”.

Quali sono le principali lezioni da trarre da questa situazione?

“La lezione più importante che possiamo trarre da questa vicenda è che la resilienza energetica è ormai una questione di sicurezza nazionale, non solo di efficienza tecnica. Le moderne strategie di conflitto non mirano necessariamente alla distruzione, ma alla destabilizzazione attraverso la disarticolare dei servizi essenziali. Mentre attendiamo di comprendere le reali cause del blackout iberico, una cosa è certa: gli strateghi di guerra asimmetrica stanno prendendo appunti, e le nostre società farebbero bene a fare lo stesso, ripensando profondamente come proteggere le arterie energetiche da cui dipende la nostra vita quotidiana”.

L'articolo Giuseppe Lucci: “Le lezioni sulla sicurezza dal black out in Spagna e Portogallo” proviene da InsideOver.

HERE'S A BONUS DIGITAL POLITICS to finish your week. I'm Mark Scott, and you find me on a train to York (in the north of England) on my way to a workshop to discuss social media data access. Oh, what a glamorous life.

Below are two analyses that I wrote for Tech Policy Press where I am a contributing editor. They build on this week's newsletter to drill down on different aspects of the transatlantic tech relationship.

Taken together, they offer dueling perspectives on what is going on in Washington and Brussels. The first places Donald Trump's administration in the global context. The second explains the European Union's vibe shift on tech.

Let's get started:

digitalpolitics.co/newsletter0…

Every year lightning strikes cause a lot of damage — with the high-voltage discharges being a major risk to buildings, infrastructure, and the continued existence of squishy bags of mostly salty water. While some ways exist to reduce their impact such as lightning rods, these passive systems can only be deployed in select locations and cannot prevent the build-up of the charge that leads up to the plasma discharge event. But the drone-based system recently tested by Japan’s NTT, the world’s fourth largest telecommunications company, could provide a more proactive solution.

The idea is pretty simple: fly a drone that is protected by a specially designed metal cage close to a thundercloud with a conductive tether leading back to the ground. By providing a very short path to ground, the built-up charge in said cloud will readily discharge into this cage and from there back to the ground.

To test this idea, NTT researchers took commercial drones fitted with such a protective cage and exposed them to artificial lightning. The drones turned out to be fine up to 150 kA which is five times more than natural lightning. Afterwards the full system was tested with a real thunderstorm, during which the drone took a hit and kept flying, although the protective cage partially melted.

Expanding on this experiment, NTT imagines that a system like this could protect cities and sensitive areas, and possibly even use and store the thus captured energy rather than just leading it to ground. While this latter idea would need some seriously effective charging technologies, the idea of proactively discharging thunderclouds is perhaps not so crazy. We would need to see someone run the numbers on the potential effectiveness, of course, but we are all in favor of (safe) lightning experiments like this.

If you’re wondering why channeling lightning away from critical infrastructure is such a big deal, you may want to read up on Apollo 12.

hackaday.com/2025/05/09/trigge…