XDR: sinergia tecnologica per una cyber security innovativa, personalizzata e potente
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Eccellenza collaborativa, con un focus sul miglioramento delle soluzioni XDR. In un evento, Cisco e Lutech raccontano il valore della messa a sistema delle rispettive competenze per potenziare la piattaforma, offrendo un
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Il grande bluff delle terre rare dell’Ucraina: l’accordo di Trump con Zelensky si fonda su un equivoco
Il presidente americano vuole mettere le mani sui minerali di Kiev. C'è solo un problema: non è detto che l'Ucraina disponga davvero delle risorse che cercaGianluca Brambilla (Open)
JIHAD
#History #China #PersianEmpire #TurkicEmpire #MongolEmpire #RussianEmpire #SilkRoute #Eurasia #Transoxiana #FerganaValley #Uzbekistan #Tajikistan #Turkmenistan #Kazakhstan #Kyrgyzstan #Islam #MilitantIslamism #Jihad #CentralAsia #URSS #SovietUnion
from: Jihad : the rise of militant Islam in Central Asia
by: Ahmed Rashid
2 Conquerors and Saints: The Past as Present
The ethnic, political, and religious factions now vying for control in Central Asia have a history almost as old as the Central Asian civilizations themselves. Since around 500 B.C., when Darius I added the region known as Transoxiana (present-day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) to the Persian Empire, to the 1920s, when Stalin forcefully divided the region into the five socialist republics that correspond to the current independent republics, Central Asia has been a center for war and empire, art and culture, religion and commerce.
Much of the reason for Central Asia's rich history is geographical: its huge landmass lies at the heart of the Eurasian continent. In ancient times it was considered the center of the world, linking China with Europe by means of the famous Silk Route. In reality this consisted of several routes, forged to allow merchants to carry goods by camel caravan across the two continents. But the travelers transported more than silk or spices; they also spread new technologies—such as papermaking, gunpowder, and silk weaving— new ideas, and new religions. The religion of the ancient Greeks, Buddhism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity, Hinduism, Manichaeanism, and most of the major ideas of Islam have at one time or another found a home in Central Asia. It is the prevalence of the various ideas on Islam, in particular, and how they have been received by the various rulers of the Central Asian landmass, that are essential to an understanding of the conflicts that threaten the region today.
The Importance of Geography
Central Asia's greatest strength in the past— and its greatest problem today— is that it is landlocked, bordering Iran and Afghanistan to the south, China to the east, and Russia to the north and west. The vast Central Asian steppe is bounded by the Caspian Sea in the west, the Hindu Kush and the Pamir Mountain ranges in the south, and the Tian Shan Mountains in the -est along the border with China. There are no clear geographical boundaries in the. north, where the Kazakh steppe merges into Siberia.
Central Asia was once known as "the land between the two rivers'' for the two major rivers, the Amu Darya (Oxus) and the Syr Darya (Jaxartes), that bounded much of its territory before emptying into the Aral Sea. These two rivers have created formidable geographical, cultural, and political boundaries that separated Central Asia from the rest of the world even as the Silk Route connected it.
The Amu Darya, for example, divided the nomadic Turkic and Mongol empires in Central Asia from the Persian Empire to the south, and helped act as a buffer— along with an independent Afghanistan— between the British Empire in India and tsarist Russia. Recently it has marked the border between Taliban-ruled Afghanistan and Central Asia.
The Syr Darya has protected Central Asian kingdoms from periodic invasions from Mongolia, Siberia, and the Gobi Desert. Rivers are not the only natural boundaries.
Central Asia lies at the crossroads of the world's highest mountain ranges: the Pamir Mountains, which cover 93 percent of today's Tajikistan; the Tian Shan Mountains, stretching to the east and north of the Pamirs; the Himalayas to the southeast; and the Hindu Kush to the south.
The legendary traveler Marco Polo crossed the Pamirs in 1273 on his way to China, dubbing the range the Roof of the World. "Ascending mountain after mountain, you at length arrive at a point, where you might suppose the surrounding summits to be the highest lands in the world. ... So great is the height of the mountains, that no birds are to be seen near their summits. Here there live a tribe of savage, ill disposed and idolatrous people, who subsist upon the animals they can destroy and clothe themselves with the skins," wrote Polo in his memoirs.
In the center of this vast, magnificent landscape of mountains and steppe are two of the largest deserts in the world.
In the south, covering much of Turkmenistan, is the Kara-Kum (black sands) Desert: more than 135,000 square miles where rain falls approximately once a decade.
To the north, in Uzbekistan, lies the Kyzyl Kum (red sands) Desert.
But between these bleak wastes lush, well-irrigated valleys provide oases around which settlements and cities have grown, each oasis a self-contained economic community whose citizens traded with the local nomads and caravans that passed through. The harsh, sparsely populated landscape made Central Asia ripe for conquest but difficult to rule: empires rose and fell periodically throughout its history.
The geographical face of Central Asia remained largely untouched until the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when the region became part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union. The Russians and later the Soviets changed the landscape, building massive irrigation networks flowing from huge reservoirs to support cotton agriculture between the Amu and Syr Darya rivers. Although in the process they created irretrievable environmental damage and pollution that have eventually resulted in acute water shortages, the drying up of lakes and rivers, and further desertification, the water routes were for many years essential sources of agriculture and food. Today those irrigation networks lie broken, hostage to the political battles that divide the region.
Central Asia currently comprises five independent republics: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, whose fiercely disputed boundaries were drawn by Stalin as part of his divide-and-rule campaign. Its landmass of 1,542,200 square miles hosts a population of just 52 million people, representing more than one hundred ethnic groups, from the predominant Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Tajiks to Germans, Koreans, and Tibetans. The largest ethnic group is the Uzbeks, who make up 72 percent of Uzbekistan's 22 million people as well as substantial minorities in all the other Central Asian republics. Before the breakup of the Soyiet Union, there were also some 10 million Russians, comprising one-fifth of the population, many the result of forced relocation by Stalin, as another means of weakening the power of the region's ethnic groups. A large number of these Russians have migrated to Russia since 1991.
But the heart of Central Asia has always been the Fergana Valley. Just two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, the fertile valley has for centuries been the home for the largest concentration of people. Today it has 10 million inhabitants, 20 percent of the total population of Central Asia.
The emperor Babur, who conquered Afghanistan and founded the Mogul Empire in India in the fifteenth century, was born in the Fergana Valley, describing it in his memoirs as the closest place to Paradise on earth. From his splendid palaces in Delhi, Babur would recall the 140 varieties of grapes and watermelons produced in Fergana. Valley horses were prized as cavalry mounts by nomadic tribes and empire builders as far away as China.
More than crops and livestock flourished in the Fergana Valley. Fergana has also traditionally been the center of Central Asia's political and cultural Islam, producing saints, scholars, mystics, and warriors whose knowledge and learning spread across the Muslim world.
The bordering city of Osh, today the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan, was a seat of Islamic learning in the tenth century. Legend has it that the large mountain in the center of the town was blessed by King Solomon; it still bears the name Takht-i-Sulaiman (Seat of Solomon) and was long a site of Muslim pilgrimage. To the west lie the ancient Muslim capitals of Bukhara and Samarkand. The 360 mosques and 113 madrassahs (Islamic religious schools) of medieval Bukhara produced scholars who spread their faith throughout Russia, China, South Asia, and the Middle East. In the words of a medieval proverb: "The sun does not shine on Bukhara, it is Bukhara that shines on the sun." Even after Bukhara became a Russian protectorate in 1868 there were still 100 madrassahs in Bukhara, with some 10,000 students.
History of Conquest
The history of Central Asia is a tale of conquest, of Mongol "hordes" and Arab holy warriors who swept across its steppes and crossed its mountains and, for a time, enfolded it within the largest empires in the world. Alexander, Tamerlane, Genghis Khan: at one time each of these conquerors added the territories of Central Asia to his vast empire, founding dynasties that survived for centuries— until the next invader arrived.
Early Central Asian history is dominated by the rivalry between the Persians to the south and the Turkic tribes to the north, who vied for control of the rich oasis cities. The Persian Empire under Darius I added Transoxiana to its territory around 500 B.C. but the Persians were ousted for a time by Turkic nomadic invasions from Siberia and Mongolia. These tribes had originally (beginning in about 1000 B.C.) inhabited the Alatau Mountains in eastern Central Asia. (The Chinese began using the word Tur or Turkic to identify all the nomadic tribes who posed a threat to their empire— the ancient origins of the word Turkistan [home of the Turks], used even today to identify Central Asia.) The resurgent Persians next fell victim to Alexander the Great, who conquered Bactria and Sogdiana (ancient Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan) between 329 and 327 B.C., founding the modern-day city of Khujand. Alexander consolidated his control by urging his men to marry local women; he himself married a Sogdian princess, Roxana. Alexander's Greco-Sogdian heirs created the Bactrian Empire, which governed a large part of Central Asia and Afghanistan between 300 and 140 B.C. The western region of Central Asia (presentday Turkmenistan) was ruled by the Parthians, a tribal dynasty based on the Saka tribes, whose empire lasted until A.D. 226, when they were defeated by the Persian Sassanids. Meanwhile, the north of Central Asia was invaded in the last century B.C. by successive waves of Sakas, who in time were driven out by another tribal group of nomads from the Gobi Desert: the Hsiung-nu, the forefathers of the Mongols. The Hsiung-nu had spread west after defeating the Uighurs, another tribal confederation who at that time ruled present-day Xinjiang Province and western China. Continuing their westward march across Central Asia, the Huns, as they were now called, reached the Volga River by a.d. 400. Their empire— the first nomadic Mongol empire— now stretched from Korea to the Volga.
In the fifth century the Huns invaded Europe under their chief Attila and marched on Rome. As the Huns moved westwards the vacuum in eastern Central Asia was once again filled by invading Turkic tribes, who continued their incursions for several centuries. These nomadic invasions from Mongolia and western China have left behind few traces of their empires or culture, and little is known about the political system they erected to rule their vast landmass. Invariably, they would arrive to conquer and then move on eastwards whilst other tribes arrived to take their place.
One nomadic empire did leave some impressive traces: the Kushan Empire, which dates from the first and second centuries A.D. and also included northern India, Iran, and present-day Xinjiang Province in China. In the second century the great Kushan king Kanishka became a patron of the Mahayana school of Buddhism, which was the first to humanize the figure of Buddha. (Previously Buddha had been depicted only by symbols, such as the prayer wheel.) Massive and beautiful stylized Kushan Buddha statues have been unearthed in archaeological digs in the twentieth century in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also noteworthy that in keeping with the religious tolerance that has always characterized Central Asia, the Kushans allowed Zoroastrianism and Hinduism to flourish alongside Buddhism.
For the first several centuries A.D., then, various groups contended over Central Asia: Huns, Sassanians, Turks, and Chinese, who invaded the Fergana Valley. But the next important series of incursions began around 650, when the Arabs came, bringing with them the new faith of Islam. During the next hundred years they sent invading forces into Transoxiana, capturing Bukhara and Samarkand. In 751 an Arab army defeated a Chinese army at Talas, in present-day Kyrgyzstan, decisively ending Chinese ambitions and establishing Islam in Central Asia, although the Arabs themselves did not remain to found substantial kingdoms in the region.
Independent Muslim kingdoms sprang up in the oasis cities. The most significant of these was the empire of the Persian Samanids (874-999), who made their capital at Bukhara. With a well-organized bureaucracy and army the Samanids regulated and expanded the Silk Route, spreading the Persian language and making Bukhara a trade, transport, and cultural center of the Islamic world. Physicians such as Ibn Sina, mathematicians like Al Biruni, and poets such as Firdausi ensured that the Samanid court would leave an indelible mark on the development of the Persian language and culture, an importance that would not be eroded in Central Asia for centuries.
The Samanid Empire came to an end with the arrival of a new wave of Turkic tribes. The Ghaznavids (based in Ghazni, Afghanistan) took over Khurasand, the Qarakhanids captured Bukhara, and later the Seljuks arrived to defeat them and conquer Central Asia and Turkey.
By 1055 the Seljuk chief Turhril was standing outside the gates of Baghdad. For the next two hundred years the Seljuks ruled the area from the Pamir Mountains and the borders of China to Iraq, uniting Central Asia with the Persian and Arab worlds for the first time under Turkic hegemony.
The Mongol hordes (ordas) were the next to sweep through the region. In 1218 the Seljuks had executed an envoy of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan and murdered 450 merchants who had been trading with the Mongols. The infuriated Mongols set out to conquer the Seljuks, and historians have subsequently blamed Seljuk high-handedness for the Mongol onslaught that followed. Under Genghis Khan the Mongols captured Bukhara in 1220, killing thirty thousand people. Standing before a pile of heads in Bukhara, Genghis Khan declared, "You ask who I am, who speaks this to you. Know, then, that I am the scourge of God. If you had not sinned God would not have sent me hither to punish you." The Mongols continued eastwards, adding Russia and parts of Eastern Europe to their empire. Then, having conquered this vast area, they settled down to exploit it. They developed the Silk Route, which had broken down during the incessant invasions, building resthouses along the way and instituting a postal service. Under the Mongols it was possible for caravans to travel in safety from Istanbul to present-day Beijing. For the first time since the conquests of Alexander the Great, Europe was linked with Asia. After the death of Genghis Khan, Central Asia was ruled by his son Chagatai, whose descendants divided the region into two khanates: Transoxiana in the west and Turkistan in the east.
The last great explosion out of Central Asia was to leave the most significant cultural influence in the region. Timur (Tamerlane), who did not begin his conquests until he was forty years old, created the first indigenous empire in Central Asia. Timur was a Barlas Turk who had been born near Samarkand, and he made the city his capital in 1369. After he had conquered Central Asia, he added India, Persia, Arabia, and parts of Russia to his empire. Samarkand was already one of the largest cities in the world, with a population of 150,000, and under Timur it became one of the architectural marvels of the world as well, for Timur brought in artisans and architects from all the conquered regions. By now, after almost four hundred years of Turkic rule, the region had become established as the center for Turkic influence in Central Asia and of resistance to Persian cultural and political domination. Timur even replaced Persian with the Jagatai dialect of Turkish as the court language. The Shaybani Uzbeks, who traced their genealogy back to Uzbek Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, created the last of the great nomadic empires in Central Asia. In 1500 they defeated the Timurids (descendants of Timur) and set up their capital in Bukhara. Under Shaybani rule Turkic (Uzbek) language and literature flourished. The great Uzbek poet Mir Alisher Navai (1441-1501) created the first Turkic script, which replaced Persian.
After the sixteenth century, weakened by the decline of the Silk Route as sea routes opened linking Europe to Africa and India, the Shaybani Empire began to erode. Large empires and strong rulers were no longer needed to ensure the safety of the Silk Route, whilst the dramatic loss of income from the traffic in trade meant that rulers were no longer capable of keeping large standing armies and expanding their kingdoms. In addition, the conservative ulema (Islamic scholars, who had enormous influence over daily life) banned innovations in education and science, further marginalizing Central Asia. The Shaybani Empire gradually degenerated into a collection of small, squabbling, city-based fiefdoms. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries these emerged as three separate but weak khanates— Khiva, Kokand, and Bukhara — in which the khans (rulers) later established dynasties: the Kungrad in Khiva, the Mangyt in Bukhara, and the Ming in Kokand. The impoverished khans survived by the slave trade and the imposition of exorbitant taxes on the population.
It was inevitable that the tsars, seeking to expand their Russian empire, should eventually look to Central Asia. By 1650 the Russians had annexed Siberia and reached the Pacific Ocean. In the next two centuries Russia moved to conquer the Caucasus and Central Asia. Peter the Great invaded the Kazakh steppe in 1715 and began building Russian forts, the first at Omsk in 1716. By 1750 all the Kazakh khans, who saw the Russians as their best security against the marauding Uzbeks, had signed treaties with Moscow. The Russian expansion was fueled by the empire's vast military bureaucratic apparatus, which had subdued the Caucasus and was now without a role even as the tsars eyed the potential resources of Central Asia: minerals and cotton. When the American Civil War (1861-65) cut off vital cotton supplies to Russian factories, the urge to conquer Central Asia was irresistible. At the same time Russia was watching with apprehension the steady expansion of the British Empire in India from Bengal towards Afghanistan. This was the era of the Great Game —the vast power struggle between Russia and Great Britain for control of Asia that used Central Asia and Afghanistan as pawns in their efforts to outmaneuver each other, building influence. At the end of the nineteenth century, Afghanistan was established as buffer between the two empires of Russia and Britain.
In the brief period between and 1876, Russian armies captured Tashkent and much of modern-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan, although the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan remained open, and tribal leaders and bandits frequently took refuge in one another's territories— a tradition that is being revived today amongst the Islamic extremists of Central Asia and the Taliban. The Russians established the province of Turkestan, whose capital was Tashkent and which was ruled by a governor general appointed by Moscow. They left the khanates of Bukhara and Khiva as autonomous political units, dependent on Russia. Whilst the settled regions were easily conquered, the nomadic tribes continued to resist for several decades, and periodic revolts broke out in the Fergana Valley. In 1885 Russian troops crushed a revolt in the valley towns of Osh, Margilan, and Andijan led by a Sun Dervish, Khan Tura. The most serious threat to Russian rule arose in May 1898, when twenty-two Russian soldiers were killed in Andijan by Islamic rebels. The revolt spread to other towns before Russian troops arrived and brutally quashed the rebellion.
As a way of controlling the region, the Russians began resettling Central Asia with ethnic Russians and Cossacks and turning the rest of the land over to cotton production; in 1891 alone more than a million Russian and Cossack farmers were settled on Kazakh lands adjoining Siberia. The Russians developed large cotton plantations by means of vast irrigation projects. New industries manned by Russian workers were also introduced, and Central Asia was linked with Russia through a railway network that for the first time brought the Russian Empire up to the borders of Afghanistan, Iran, China, and British India. Tsarist rule ended in a holocaust of suffering for the peoples of Central Asia. In 1916, with the region facing a massive famine, a revolt broke out after Moscow tried to draft Central Asians to fight for the tsarist army in World War I. The government also increased taxes and forcefully appropriated wheat from the region. The Kazakh and Kyrgyz nomads, who saw no reason why they should fight in Europe for the tsar, were the first to rebel, and the revolt soon spread across Central Asia. But as with previous rebellions, tsarist troops brutally suppressed it, killing tens of thousands of people in the process. In the Tian Shan Mountains a Cossack army carried out reprisals against the Kyrgyz, slaughtering flocks, burning down villages, and forcing huge numbers of Kyrgyz to flee across the border into Chinese Turkestan. Even today the Kyrgyz identify the 1916-17 repression as the worst period in their history, in which as much as a quarter of the Kyrgyz population was slaughtered or forced to flee.
But when the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917, Central Asia had no desire to become part of the new Soviet Union. Central Asians resisted Sovietization more fiercely than most other regions, with the Muslim Basmachis ("bandits"), as the Bolsheviks termed them, leading the struggle. By 1929, however, when the Basmachis were finally defeated, the map of Central Asia had been forcibly redrawn into five soviet republics, and the centuries of wars for control of the region seemed to have come to an end. That too was to change.
Islam in Central Asia
The people of Central Asia are predominantly Sunni Muslims of the Hannafi sect. Shia Muslims make up a small minority in some of the great trading cities, like Bukhara and Samarkand, as well as in Tajikistan, where the Ismaeli sect, whose spiritual leader is the Aga Khan, can be found in the Gorno-Badakhshan region of the Pamir Mountains. (The Ismaelis also occupy adjacent areas south of the Pamirs in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.) Since 1991 Central Asia has also seen a meteoric rise of militant Islamic sects, each with its own brand of orthodoxy and sharia (Islamic law), and this phenomenon has obscured one of the most important aspects of traditional Central Asian Islam— its tolerance. Characterized by major advances in philosophy, ethics, legal codes, and scientific research under largely liberal political rulers, and spread through a vast region by Arabs, Mongols, and Turks, the Islam of Central Asia took many forms. Early Central Asian Muslims coexisted in relative peace not only with one another but also with the Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Zoroastrians, and Nestorian Christians who had established pockets of civilization in the region.
Perhaps the most important Islamic movement to arise in Central Asia was Sufism: a form of Islamic mysticism that preached direct communion with God and tolerance towards all other forms of worship. Sufism originated in Central Asia and Persia soon after the Arab invasions. The name derives from the rough woolen cloaks worn by the early Sufi brothers (sufi means "wool" in Arabic), who inherited some of the symbols of pre-Islamic nomadic mystics. The Sufis encouraged popular participation in Islam through their opposition to authority, intellectualism, and the mullahs (clergy).
Sufis urged all Muslims to experience God directly, without the intervention of priests or scholars— an important factor in the spread of Islam amongst Central Asia's sparse, nomadic population. The Sufi orders, or tariqas ("the way"), are best defined as "brotherhood[s] of Sufis who have a common pedigree of spiritual masters, ... in which elders initiate disciples and grant them formal permission to continue a common school of thought and practice."
Sufis invoke God through the zikr, vocal (or sometimes silent) prayers, Dervishes—another Sufi sect— perfected into an art form. Many of the tariqas evolved into secret societies with their own codes of behavior and prayer. The tariqas played a major role in reviving Islam in the thirteenth century after the Mongol destruction, and they continued to sustain Islamic faith and practice centuries later in the Soviet era, when Islam was driven underground by the authorities.
The most important tariqas are Naqshbandiyya, Qadiriyya, Yasawiyya, and Kubrawiyya.
The Qadiriyya, probably the oldest extant order, was founded by Abd al-Qadir. A minor tariqa in Baghdad in the twelfth century, the Qadiriyya moved to Central Asia, becoming particularly strong during the thirteenth century, and then spread to Afghanistan and India. Central Asian Qadiris were centered mainly in the cities of Transoxiana.
Kubra, the founder of Kubrawiyya, was martyred in the Mongol massacres in Central Asia in 1221. The Kubrawiyya order took strong hold in Khorezm (present-day Uzbekistan).
The Yasawiyya order was founded by the poet and mystic Ahmed Yasawi, who died in 1166 and is buried in southern Kazakhstan. Their main influence was in the Fergana Valley and amongst the southern Turkic tribes.
Muhammad ibn Baha ad-Din Naqshband (1317-89), the founder of the Naqshbandiyya tariqa, is still the most revered mystic and saint in Central Asia and Afghanistan. Even today his tomb outside Bukhara is the most important place of pilgrimage in Central Asia.
Unlike other Sufi sects the Naqshbandis, though mystics, believe in active missionary work and political activism; many led revolts against the tsar and the Communists. The leader of the 1898 revolt in Andijan was a Naqshbandi.
The Sufi orders spread their message to China via the Fergana Valley and to India and the Arab world through Afghanistan. Sufi spiritual leaders, especially the Naqshbandis, vied with the traditional ulema, who tended to be fiercely opposed to them, for influence amongst local rulers. And influence they had: the rulers of the Turkic dynasties would seek validation for their rule from the leading Sufi saints. The relationship of ruler and mystic, in the words of Islamic scholar Bruce Lawrence, tended to be "fraught with tension," for Sufi mystics saw themselves as eternal rulers, more powerful than the most autocratic temporal ruler.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the leading Naqshbandi families (leadership in the sect was frequently passed down from father to son) served as political advisers and spiritual guides to many of the khans who governed the increasingly fragmented Central Asia. Some of these Sufi families became rulers themselves. Many became rich and corrupt in the process, one of the reasons for the Jadid reforms in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century Naqshbandi political activism played a major role in influencing militant Islamic movements in Afghanistan, Chechnya, and most recently the Fergana Valley.
But beyond the oasis towns and valleys, the spread of Islam on the Central Asian steppe was slow and sporadic. Islam did not come to the Kazakh steppe until the seventeenth century, and even then the predominant Sufism incorporated ancient shamanistic traditions of the nomadic culture, such as the veneration of animals and nature. Although Zoroastrianism, the religion of the Persian kings, was discouraged by the Islamic invaders, elements continued to thrive on the steppe, taking on an Islamic coloring, as well as in Iran and India.
Thus, early on in the history of Islam two branches of the religion emerged in Central Asia: the traditional, conservative, scholarly Islam of the settled areas and the oasis cultures that was dominated by local rulers and the ulema, and the much looser, less restrictive Islam of the nomads that still favored Sufism and pre-Islamic traditions.
As historian Fernand Braudel noted, "Islam is essentially an urban religion. So Islam consists of a few densely populated regions, separated by vast stretches of empty space."
Even today the nomadic Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Turkmen tribes are far less Islamicized— and much less susceptible to Islamic radicalism— than their ethnic counterparts in the settled oasis areas.
The Arabs who brought Islam Central were soon displaced by Persian and Turkic tribes, each of whom adopted Islam. Of the two, for many centuries Persian was the dominant influence, lasting until the Safavid dynasty came to power in Persia around 1500. The Safavids changed Persia's state religion from Sunni to Shia Islam— step that considerably reduced Persian influence in Central Asia. In addition, Persia became preoccupied with combating the challenge of the Ottoman power in Turkey on its western borders, and Persian leaders therefore paid less attention to Central Asia.
Nevertheless, the earlier Persian empires had left an enormous legacy in Central Asia in the arts, language, poetry, and sciences. Not until the Shaybani Uzbeks, who aggressively made their empire more Turkic, did Persian control and influence in Central Asia wane. The only vestiges of Persian ethnicity remaining in Central Asia today are the Tajiks, who speak Persian and are proud of their Persian culture and heritage. But the tension between Persian and Turkic culture continues, both in the competition for influence in Central Asia between Iran and Turkey and in the ongoing disputes between Tajikistan and Turkic Uzbekistan over Tajiks in Uzbekistan and Uzbeks in Tajikistan, and over borders. Many Tajiks assert that the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, which Stalin handed over to Uzbekistan, should rightfully belong to Tajikistan. For they are Tajik cultural and historical centers.
Central Asian Islam became less dynamic under the tsars, not because Central Asia's new Russian masters tried to interfere with the Islamic clergy, law, or practices but because they wooed them with modern advances: industry, education, technology. The Russians also supported the ultra-conservative ulema, whilst at the same time settling millions of ethnic Russians in the region to try and make good Russians out of Central Asians.
But the new colonial masters were only partly successful. The introduction of Western ideas and sciences paved the way for a modernist reinterpretation of Islam by the Jadids, a reform sect of Tartars whose inspiration was Ismail Bay Gasprinski (1851-1914), founder of the influential Tartar-language newspaper Tercuman in 1883. Based on Usul-i-jadid (new educational principles), Jadidism was one of the many intellectual Islamic reform movements that swept the colonized Muslim world in the late nineteenth century. All sought in varying degrees to reconcile the problems associated with exposure to Western modernism with Muslim religion and culture, particularly for Muslims who lived in colonies ruled by non-Muslims. These movements, in India, Egypt, Turkey, and Afghanistan, were primarily anticolonial and pan-Islamic, but they also advocated religious reform, modern education, and an understanding of the sciences.
Jadid teachers and scholars in Tashkent and the Fergana Valley founded new schools with modern curricula: math, the sciences, theater, poetry, and Russian and Turkic literature, as well as traditional Islamic subjects. They staged plays and operas and published a number of newspapers that helped revive the Turkic languages and develop a modern Turkic culture. The literature they generated analyzed local history, culture, and politics in a modern way for the first time. This embrace of modernism brought the Jadids into conflict not just with the Russians but also with the ulema, whom they considered reactionary and obscurantist. For their part the Russians had encouraged the ulema to continue their practice of a conservative interpretation of the sharia as a way of countering anti-Russian Islamic and nationalist movements.
For all their success the Jadids remained an intellectual rather than a mass movement, divided over ideology and politics. When the 1917 revolution came, some Jadids backed the Bolsheviks because they sought to throw over the tsarist empire and saw in the Communist ideology a chance of greater freedom, the adoption of modern ideas, and education whilst others resisted them because of their lack of respect for Islam. The Jadids who joined the Communist Party after 1917 played a critical role in helping build indigenous Communist parties in Central Asia, but it did them little good. The Soviets termed the Jadids bourgeois reformers and banned their literature. When Stalin came to power he began a steady purge of Jadids; the last Jadids were eliminated in the massacres of 1937. During the brief cultural flowering after independence in 1991, Uzbek intellectuals attempted to republish and popularize Jadid writings, but they were quickly suppressed. Uzbek President Islam Karimov discourages all attempts to renew interest in Jadidism, although the movement has immense relevance in today's discussion of the way Islam, nationalism, and democracy can coexist in Central Asia.
Il mercato della cyber security cresce del 15%, ma le minacce crescono di più
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Bene gli investimenti in cyber security ma, in Italia, il 73% delle grandi imprese ha subito attacchi durante il corso del 2024. I dati dell’Osservatorio Cybersecurity & Data Protection del Politecnico di Milano e alcune considerazioni a margine
L'articolo
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Questo “inviato speciale” degli Stati Uniti in Italia è un caso strano
Sembra che Paolo Zampolli abbia ricevuto la nomina direttamente da Trump, ma nessuna istituzione italiana ne sa niente, e non si sa neanche cosa viene a fare
Questo “inviato speciale” degli Stati Uniti in Italia è un caso strano: ilpost.it/2025/02/27/zampolli-…
Ddl Spazio, Casu (Pd): “Oggi abbiamo dimostrato che il Parlamento non è il giocattolo di Starlink, Stroppa e Musk se ne facciano una ragione”
@Politica interna, europea e internazionale
«Il Parlamento italiano non è il giocattolo di Starlink». Così il deputato Andrea Casu del Partito democratico risponde al rappresentante in Italia del patron di Starlink, Elon Musk, che ieri aveva
Politica interna, europea e internazionale reshared this.
⏰ Per la seconda edizione del concorso “Da uno sguardo: film di studentesse e studenti contro la violenza sulle donne” c’è tempo fino al #31marzo, per inviare le candidature!
Il #concorso, promosso dal #MIM, dal Dipartimento per le Pari Opportunita…
Ministero dell'Istruzione
⏰ Per la seconda edizione del concorso “Da uno sguardo: film di studentesse e studenti contro la violenza sulle donne” c’è tempo fino al #31marzo, per inviare le candidature! Il #concorso, promosso dal #MIM, dal Dipartimento per le Pari Opportunita…Telegram
Exploits and vulnerabilities in Q4 2024
Q4 2024 saw fewer published exploits for Windows and Linux compared to the first three quarters. Although the number of registered vulnerabilities continued to rise, the total number of Proof of Concept (PoC) instances decreased compared to 2023. Among notable techniques in Q4, attackers leveraged undocumented RPC interfaces and targeted the Windows authentication mechanism.
Statistics on registered vulnerabilities
This section contains statistics on registered vulnerabilities. Data is sourced from the CVE portal: cve.org.
Total number of registered vulnerabilities and number of critical ones, Q4 2023 vs. Q4 2024 (download)
In Q4 2024, the trend of documenting software flaws that create vulnerabilities continued to gain momentum. The share of vulnerabilities labeled as critical was slightly higher than in Q4 2023. In general, more and more vulnerabilities are being assigned CVE identifiers through Bug Bounty programs and general software security research. Let’s also examine the number of public exploits.
Number of vulnerabilities, the share of critical ones, and those for which exploits exist, 2019–2024 (download)
As shown in the graph, the number of published exploits for vulnerabilities ended up at around 6%, which is 4 p.p. lower than in 2023. This decline may be due to vendors’ requirements not to disclose information about exploitation methods for discovered vulnerabilities and corresponding exploits—we believe researchers are increasingly encountering such requests. Thus, the main trends of 2024 were the growth in the number of registered vulnerabilities, the decrease in the number of PoCs, and the share of critical vulnerabilities remaining at 2023 levels.
Let’s examine the most popular types of vulnerabilities exploited in real attacks in 2023 and 2024.
Number of vulnerabilities by the most prevalent CWEs used in attacks on users in 2023 (download)
Number of vulnerabilities by the most prevalent CWEs used in attacks on users in 2024 (download)
As in 2023, the top three in the list are the following software issues:
- CWE-78—Improper or insufficient neutralization of command-line inputs (OS Command Injection);
- CWE-20—Improper input filtering and validation. This includes most vulnerabilities that allow attackers to take control of applications;
- CWE-787—Memory corruption vulnerabilities (Out-of-bounds Write).
These types of flaws have been known for a long time and remain actively exploited by attackers. The number of associated vulnerabilities has remained at the same level over the past two years.
Next are software flaws that are less common but no less critical. In 2024, some of the most popular CWEs included the following:
- CWE-416—Improper use of dynamic memory resources (Use After Free);
- CWE-22—Improper handling of file system path formats (Path Traversal);
- CWE-94—Improper control of code generation (Code Injection);
- CWE-502—Deserialization of untrusted data;
- CWE-843—Improper handling of data types (Type Confusion);
- CWE-79—Improper neutralization of input during web page generation (Cross-site Scripting);
- CWE-122—Heap-based Buffer Overflow.
Compared to 2023, CWE-119—associated with performing operations outside buffer bounds—was the only one to drop out of the TOP 10. However, it was replaced by a similar type, CWE-122, associated with buffer overflow—so memory corruption vulnerabilities remained on the list. This confirms that the landscape of software flaws leading to exploitable vulnerabilities has remained unchanged over the past two years.
Exploitation statistics
This section contains statistics on the use of exploits in Q4 2024. The data is based on open sources and our telemetry.
Windows and Linux vulnerability exploitation
Among the exploits detected by Kaspersky solutions for Windows, the most popular throughout 2024, including Q4, were vulnerabilities in Microsoft Office applications:
- CVE-2018-0802—Remote code execution vulnerability in the Equation Editor component;
- CVE-2017-11882—Another remote code execution vulnerability also affecting the Equation Editor;
- CVE-2017-0199—A vulnerability in Microsoft Office and WordPad that allows an attacker to take control of the system.
Following these, the most common vulnerabilities in Q4 included those in WinRAR and various Windows subsystems:
- CVE-2023-38831—A vulnerability in WinRAR related to improper handling of objects contained in an archive;
- CVE-2024-38100—A vulnerability known as Leaked Wallpaper, which allows an attacker to obtain a NetNTLM hash used in user authentication protocols;
- CVE-2024-21447—A vulnerability in improper link handling within the file system. It resides in the UserManager service and, if exploited, allows privilege escalation;
- CVE-2024-28916—A vulnerability similar to CVE-2024-21447 in the Xbox Gaming Service.
Each of the above vulnerabilities can be used to compromise the system and gain the highest possible privileges, so we recommend regularly updating the corresponding software.
Dynamics of the number of Windows users encountering exploits, Q1 2023—Q4 2024. The number of users who encountered exploits in Q1 2023 is taken as 100% (download)
Kaspersky products for the Linux operating system triggered on exploits for the following vulnerabilities:
- CVE-2024-1086—Improper resource handling vulnerability in the nf_tables component of the kernel. Exploiting it allows privilege escalation in the system;
- CVE-2024-0582—A memory leak vulnerability in the io_uring component, which can be used to escalate privileges on the vulnerable system;
- CVE-2022-0847—A widespread vulnerability known as Dirty Pipe, allowing privilege escalation and control over running applications;
- CVE-2022-34918—Improper handling of kernel objects related to the netfilter component. Exploiting the vulnerability allows privilege escalation in the system.
Dynamics of the number of Linux users encountering exploits, Q1 2023—Q4 2024. The number of users who encountered exploits in Q1 2023 is taken as 100% (download)
For the Linux operating system, it is critically important to keep kernel components up to date, as well as any software used.
Most common published exploits
The distribution of published exploits for vulnerabilities by platform, Q3 2024 (download)
The distribution of published exploits for vulnerabilities by platform, Q4 2024 (download)
In Q4 2024, operating systems remained the most popular category of software in terms of the number of publicly available working exploits. At the same time, the share of exploits targeting Microsoft Office tools decreased, and no exploits for SharePoint vulnerabilities were published.
The distribution of published exploits for vulnerabilities by platform, 2024 (download)
Data for 2024 shows that the overall trend of attacks on operating systems continues to grow, increasingly displacing other categories of software. Researchers and attackers are finding new operating system components that still contain potentially exploitable vulnerabilities.
Vulnerability exploitation in APT attacks
We analyzed which vulnerabilities were most commonly used in APT attacks in Q4 2024. The ranking below is based on our telemetry, research, and open sources.
TOP 10 vulnerabilities exploited in APT attacks, Q4 2024 (download)
The list of vulnerabilities commonly used in APT attacks shows changes in the software exploited by attackers. Microsoft Office applications, whose vulnerabilities were not used as much in 2023, have returned to the top ten most frequently exploited types of software. In addition, vulnerabilities for PAN-OS appeared on the list for the first time. Moreover, remote access systems and corporate data processing solutions once again appeared among the vulnerable applications. These statistics highlight the issue of delayed patch installation, which attackers quickly exploit. We strongly recommend promptly updating the software listed.
Interesting vulnerabilities
This section contains the most interesting vulnerabilities published in Q4 2024.
CVE-2024-43572—Remote code execution vulnerability in Microsoft Management Console
The Windows operating system has many useful features and mechanisms that allow users to customize it for their convenience. One such feature is the Microsoft Management Console (MMC)—an interface for running applications that contain strictly structured information. These applications are called “snap-ins.” The operating system provides a number of built-in tools for working with MMC, such as
services.msc—an interface for managing services. This is an XML file that interacts with individual COM objects and allows you to set parameters for them in the management console.
According to Microsoft documentation, .msc files can be used for system administration. Attackers exploited this functionality to run commands on user systems: inside the .msc file, they specified the URI
urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt and commands in JavaScript and VBScript. These files were distributed as email attachments.
Header of the main .msc file
CVE-2024-43451—NetNTLM hash disclosure vulnerability
This vulnerability is also related to the functionality of the Windows operating system, specifically to the NTLM authentication mechanism with the SSPI interface, which is automatically launched in all versions of the OS up to and including Windows 10. During the transmission of the NetNTLM hash, an attacker can intercept it or redirect it to another service, resulting in the compromise of the victim’s credentials. In common legitimate Windows scenarios, users frequently need to authenticate using the NTLM protocol, which may attract attackers. In 2024, we observed the active use of files of various formats with the .url extension in attacks: these files contained links to resources that triggered authentication using NTLM mechanisms.
CVE-2024-49039—Elevation of privilege vulnerability in Windows Task Scheduler
Our 2024 reports mainly included vulnerabilities that were used either solely for privilege escalation or for initial system access. However, CVE-2024-49039 stands out because it allows stealthy persistence within the system, privilege escalation, and command execution.
This vulnerability exploits an undocumented RPC endpoint on the server side, which contains interfaces with a misconfigured security descriptor, enabling privilege escalation.
In recent versions of Windows, when a scheduled task is registered, applications can run in AppContainer, which generally limits their privileges. To exploit the vulnerability, an attacker needs to create a scheduled task that, upon execution, calls the undocumented RPC endpoint. The Task Scheduler contains a vulnerable application launch algorithm, and as a result of the RPC call, the application will be relaunched without AppContainer with the privileges of a regular or system user.
Conclusion and advice
The total number of vulnerabilities registered in the Q4 2024 continues to grow compared to 2023, but the number of published exploits decreased. This may be due to the fact that software vendors have not yet released patches because of the traditional lull during the holiday period. Notably, attackers continue to invent new methods of privilege escalation, as seen in the Task Scheduler vulnerability.
To stay safe, it is essential to respond promptly to the evolving threat landscape. Also, make sure that you:
- Ensure round-the-clock monitoring of your infrastructure, paying special attention to the perimeter;
- Maintain a patch management process: promptly apply security fixes. To configure and automate vulnerability and patch management, you can use solutions like Vulnerability Assessment and Patch Management and Kaspersky Vulnerability Data Feed;
- Use reliable solutions that can detect and block malware on corporate devices, and comprehensive tools that include incident response scenarios and up-to-date cyberthreat databases.
Want a Truck with a Short Bed and a Long Camper Shell?
Camper shells are a time-honored piece of truck gear, but with modern trucks having increasingly vestigial beds, the length of your overnight abode has increasingly shrunk as well. To combat this problem, [Ed’s Garage] built a camper shell that extends once you’ve arrived at your campsite.
[Ed] wanted to keep things relatively low profile while still tall enough to sit up in for convenience, leading to a small bit of the shell peeking over the truck’s roof. To keep the cold Canadian winter out, attention was paid to proper weather sealing around the sliding portion of the shell so that it stays warm and dry inside.
While this would work on any truck, the mains power plugs in the bed of some modern trucks mean that certain glamping conveniences like a heater and projector can be easily powered while you’re in camp. We get to see the camper shell in action at the end of the video where the pros and cons of having your sleeping space also being your storage while en route become apparent.
If you’re looking for something a little less conventional for your camping experience, how about this solar camper or this retro bike camper?
youtube.com/embed/MfxifnxYbPI?…
Building a DIY Muon Tomography Device for About $100
Muon tomography (muography) is the practice of using muons generated by cosmic rays interacting with Earth’s atmosphere (or equivalent) to image structures on Earth’s surface, akin to producing an X-ray. In lieu of spending a lot of spending a fair bit of money on dedicated muon detectors, you can also hack such a device together with two Geiger-Müller tubes and related circuitry for about $100 or whatever you can source the components for.
The reason for having two Geiger-Müller tubes is to filter out the countless other (much more prevalent) sources of ionizing radiation that we’re practically bathed in every second. Helped by a sheet of lead between both tubes, only a signal occurring at the same time from both tubes should be a muon. Specially cosmic ray muons, as these have significantly more kinetic energy that allows them to pass through both tubes. As a simple check it’s helpful to know that most of these muons will come from the direction of the sky.
The author of the article tested this cobbled-together detector in an old gold mine. Once there the presence of more rock (and fewer muons) was easily detected, as well as a surge in muons indicating a nearby void (a mine shaft). While not a fast or super-easy way to image structures, it’s hard to beat for the price and the hours of fun you can have while spelunking.
Le ipotesi di truppe in Ucraina mettono la Nato a rischio? La versione del gen. Camporini
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Le fughe in avanti di Francia e Regno Unito sull’ipotesi di impegno di truppe europee come forza di interposizione in Ucraina, con Italia (e Polonia) che invece frenano, fa emergere la complessità strategica con la quale il Vecchio continente deve fare i conti in questo nuovo quadro globale inaugurato dal
Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo reshared this.
Vi spiego il significato dell’istituzione della figura del Veterano. Parla Perego di Cremnago
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Il 24 febbraio, con la firma del relativo Decreto da parte del ministro della Difesa, Guido Crosetto, sono state istituite le qualifiche di “Veterano della Difesa” e “Veterano delle Missioni Internazionali” e una giornata nazionale del Veterano, l’11 novembre. Tali
Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo reshared this.
Perché siete così paurosi?
E anche se non viviamo momenti del genere li temiamo, sappiamo che possano accadere.
In quelle situazioni molti credenti chiedono a Dio: "non ti importa di me, di noi, dell’umanità sofferente?" "È forse occupato il nostro Dio?" "Non è come se dormisse?"
In questo episodio ci viene detto, invece, chiaramente che il Signore si preoccupa e si prende cura di noi. Noi siamo importanti, ognuno di noi, ogni creatura, è importante agli occhi di Dio, ed Egli si prende cura di noi sempre. E ciò dobbiamo dirlo e ripeterlo ad ogni persona che incontriamo.pastoredarchino.ch/2025/02/09/…
SUDAN: la guerra civile è ad una svolta?
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Nella guerra civile che insanguina il Sudan sembrano prevalere le forze governative anche grazie al sostegno iraniano e russo. Mentre Mosca ottiene una base sul Mar Rosso le milizie di Dagalo formano un governo parallelo
L'articolo SUDAN: la guerra civile è ad una svolta? pagineesteri.it/2025/02/27/afr…
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VENEZUELA. l’ombra di Trump e i soldi dell’Usaid
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Il Venezuela si appresta a vivere un altro anno di elezioni: in acque tutt'altro che calme. Intanto approfitta della crescita economica, la più alta della regione, secondo tutti gli indicatori internazionali
pagineesteri.it/2025/02/27/ame…
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Appena installato Ironfox, fork di Mull. Finora tutto bene.
Confesso una debolezza: pur consapevole di pagarlo con i miei dati, non so rinunciare al servizio cloud di sincronizzazione.
Non salvo password o carte di credito in browser, ma mi piace poter ripescare la cronologia dai miei altri dispositivi e "ripartire da dove avevo lasciato". Forse è l'unico servizio cloud che uso oggi (se non conto quelli che uso a lavoro)
Bluesky cancella il video di Trump che succhia i piedi a Musk, definendolo “materiale esplicito non consensuale”...
Un video di protesta generato tramite intelligenza artificiale, che mostra Donald Trump mentre bacia i piedi di Elon Musk, è diventato virale dopo essere stato trasmesso in un ufficio governativo. Il video, condiviso su Bluesky dall'utente Marisa Kabas. è stato rimosso dalla piattaforma, classificandolo come "non consensuale", dato che né Trump né Musk avevano acconsentito alla sua creazione.
Bluesky ha notificato Kabas via email, spiegando che il video violava le linee guida della comunità. Kabas ha contestato tale decisione, argomentando che il contenuto fosse di interesse pubblico e costituisse una forma legittima di informazione... ma nulla!
Sebbene le politiche di moderazione dei contenuti sui social generalmente consentano critiche verso figure pubbliche, la rimozione del video appare utilizzare la presunta neutralità delle policy come giustificazione per proteggere Trump, attraverso una poderosa captatio benevolentiae.
404media.co/bluesky-deletes-ai…
Bluesky Deletes AI Protest Video of Trump Sucking Musk's Toes, Calls It 'Non-Consensual Explicit Material'
Bluesky has deleted the most viral post reporting on an internal government protest agains the President of the United States and the world's richest man.Jason Koebler (404 Media)
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Nella patria della svedese Ylva Johansson, la strega madrina di chatcontrol, il governo vuole rompere la crittografia dei messaggi.
Proprio mentre le FFAA svedesi vogliono adottare Signal per le comunicazioni non secretate del proprio personale, la proposta del governo sull'archiviazione dei dati mira a costringere le app crittografate a introdurre backdoor tecniche per la polizia e il Säpo.
Signal minaccia di lasciare il paese e per fortuna la proposta viene criticata dall forze parlamentari di centro.
"Se si aprono porte secondarie alla polizia, ci sono porte secondarie che potrebbero essere utilizzate anche da altri", afferma Niels Paarup-Petersen (al centro), portavoce per la digitalizzazione e la sicurezza informatica.
svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/centern…
Centern: Nej till tekniska bakdörrar i krypterade appar
Regeringens förslag på datalagring, där man vill tvinga krypterade appar att införa tekniska bakdörrar åt polisen och Säpo har mötts av skarp kritik.SVT Nyheter
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Prezzo dell'elettricità e del gas; è possibile disaccoppiarli? - Vaielettrico
Perchè è un problema "disaccoppiare" il prezzo dell'elettricità da quello del gas. Ce lo chiedono i lettori, risponde il professor AbbottoRedazione (Vaielettrico)
Londra aumenta le spese militari. Ecco perché
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Il primo ministro britannico Sir Keir Starmer ha annunciato un importante aumento della spesa per la difesa, interpretato dagli analisti come un tentativo di rispondere alla richiesta del presidente statunitense Donald Trump di una maggiore condivisione degli oneri all’interno della Nato per spostare l’attenzione di Washington dall’Europa verso
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Autovelox, sulla Fi-Pi-Li è operativo un super dispositivo di ultima generazione. Ecco cosa può fare e come funziona - News - Moto.it
Sulla Fi-Pi-Li il nuovo autovelox installato in direzione Livorno può rilevare infrazioni su entrambe le corsie, anche quando i veicoli sono nascosti da altri mezzi. Cosa può fare nel dettaglio e dov'è stato installatoPietro Vizzini (Moto)
Missioni internazionali. Su cosa punta l’Italia
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
L’Italia si prepara a un 2025 di rinnovato impegno nelle missioni internazionali, con un focus sulla deterrenza Nato, la stabilizzazione del Mediterraneo e il rafforzamento delle capacità di intervento rapido delle Forze armate. Lo si legge nella Relazione analitica sulle missioni internazionali consegnata al Senato, il documento che ha il
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Ue, 'tornare al gas russo dopo la pace? Mai più' - Ultima ora - Ansa.it
"Siamo determinati a smettere di acquistare gas russo in Europa. Non credo di poter essere più chiaro di così: siamo determinati a non continuare più ad acquistare gas e quindi a fornire entrate per il forziere di guerra Putin". (ANSA)Agenzia ANSA
Un appello di ebree ed ebrei italiani contro il progetto di pulizia etnica a Gaza.
ciao
Signor Amministratore ⁂ likes this.
Ciao Nello e benvenuto nel Poliverso 😅!
Qui ho preparato un decalogo sulle cose più importanti da sapere quando entri in Friendica.
Fammi sapere se è tutto chiaro
informapirata.it/2025/02/02/i-…
Nello likes this.
Ddl Spazio, Andrea Casu del Pd ottiene una prima vittoria contro Musk in Parlamento: “Paletti chiari per la sicurezza digitale”
@Politica interna, europea e internazionale
La Commissione attività produttive della Camera ha modificato il ddl Spazio, introducendo il tema della salvaguardia della sicurezza nazionale e del ritorno industriale per il sistema-Paese, grazie alle proposte e agli
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freezonemagazine.com/articoli/…
Sarò sempre grato a Renato Bottani e alla sua New Shot Records per aver messo mano all’archivio delle registrazioni di Carlo Carlini e in particolare lo sarò per questo prezioso recupero del live di Tom Ovans a Sesto Calende, uno dei rari concerti a cui non riuscii a partecipare. Ovans è un artista del quale […]
L'articolo Tom Ovans –
Il divieto delle parole “woke”
Su alcune testate nei giorni scorsi sono stati pubblicati articoli che segnalavano come l'Unione Europea avesse messo al bando alcune parole perché non inclusive. Titola ad esempio Il Giornale: Via le parole con "man".maicolengel butac (Butac – Bufale Un Tanto Al Chilo)
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Corde Oblique - Cries and whispers
'Cries and Whispers' è il nuovo album dei Corde Oblique, in uscita il 14 febbraio 2025 per The Stones of Naples Records.
Il gruppo partenopeo torna dopo cinque anni di silenzio discografico e lo fa con un gran disco. La creatura musicale di Riccardo Prencipe è un unicum a livello nazionale ed internazionale, con la sua musica sempre originale che nasce da una creatività senza fine, capace di agire su più livelli differenti. Questo ultimo lavoro è diviso in due parti : la prima si intitola “Cries” e tratta di qualcosa che Riccardo aveva in mente da molto tempo, ovvero tornare alle sue radici musicali in un contesto totalmente differente rispetto a quello della gioventù. Il chitarrista e compositore napoletano quando aveva diciotto anni, oltre a militare nei Lupercalia suonava in un gruppo di metal estremo che faceva black e death metal, e certi elementi di quei generi gli sono rimasti dentro, e li ha fatti uscire con la prima parte di questo disco, e il risultato è assai notevole. iyezine.com/corde-oblique-crie…
#TheStonesOfNaplesRecords
#RiccardoPrencipe
#Neofolk
#MetalEstremo
#MusicaOriginale
#SussurriEGrida
#IngmarBergman
#CreativitàMusicale
#SoundtrackDellaVita
Corde Oblique - Cries and whispers
Corde Oblique - Cries and whispers - Corde Oblique torna con "Cries and Whispers", un album innovativo in uscita il 14 febbraio 2025. Scopri il viaggio musicale di Riccardo Prencipe! - Corde ObliqueMassimo Argo (In Your Eyes ezine)
Respinta la mozione contro Santanchè. La ministra alle opposizioni: “Rappresento ciò che detestate”. Ma apre alle dimissioni
@Politica interna, europea e internazionale
La Camera dei deputati ha respinto la mozione di sfiducia contro la ministra del Turismo Daniela Santanchè presentata dal Movimento 5 Stelle e appoggiata dal Partito Democratico e da Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra. Nella serata di
Nello doesn't like this.
Politica interna, europea e internazionale reshared this.
La Difesa europea, un antico sogno (anche italiano). Il racconto di Caffio
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Prende sempre più corpo e consenso l’idea di una “cooperazione rafforzata” di un gruppo di volenterosi membri dell’Unione, basata sull’art. 42 del Tfue, per creare un nucleo costituente di effettive capacità militari. Ne ha parlato con cognizione di causa il generale Domenico Camporini sul Messaggero del 22
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freezonemagazine.com/news/mich…
Viviamo immersi in una realtà, in un presente così tremendo e incredibile (cioè difficile da credere), al punto che, almeno per me, è stato ed è più semplice credere ai miracoli. Michele Gazich Si intitola “solo i miracoli hanno un senso stanotte in questa trincea” (una
È possibile una NATO europea senza gli Stati Uniti?
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
Il primo ministro tedesco in pectore, Merz, ha parlato di ‟estendere la protezione nucleare” di Francia e Gran Bretagna anche alla Germania. Ma qual è l'arsenale delle potenze europee e quali passi dovrebbero compiere per raggiungere l'indipendenza militare dagli Usa?
L'articolo È possibile una NATO europea
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Betar US, il gruppo di estrema destra che dà la caccia a chi critica Israele
@Notizie dall'Italia e dal mondo
L'organizzazione violenta e islamofoba sta identificando e schedando i cittadini non statunitensi che partecipano alle manifestazioni pro-palestinesi o alle veglie in ricordo delle vittime di Gaza, per chiederne la deportazione.
L'articolo Betar
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Optifye.ai's pitch includes a video where a "boss" yells at a "worker" by calling him a number, and sarcastically saying he's having a bad month.
Optifye.aix27;s pitch includes a video where a "boss" yells at a "worker" by calling him a number, and sarcastically saying hex27;s having a bad month.#AI #ycombinator
Y Combinator Supports AI Startup Dehumanizing Factory Workers
Optifye.ai's pitch includes a video where a "boss" yells at a "worker" by calling him a number, and sarcastically saying he's having a bad month.Samantha Cole (404 Media)
Ministero dell'Istruzione
#MIM, al via il tavolo tecnico per prevenzione e contrasto al bullismo e al cyberbullismo. L’obiettivo è sviluppare strategie efficaci per la stesura del “Piano di azione integrato” e per l’attuazione di misure concrete di prevenzione e monitoraggio …Telegram
informapirata ⁂
in reply to Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂ • • •questo per dimostrare quanto sia libero #Bluesky... 😈
@fediverso
Che succede nel Fediverso? reshared this.
Leti66 🇮🇹
in reply to Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂ • • •Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂
in reply to Leti66 🇮🇹 • •@Leti66 🇮🇹
Non è così. La notizia non è la condivisione del video, ma la condivisione di un video riprodotto sugli schermi televisivi all'interno di un edificio per uffici del governo federale, un ovvio atto di protesta. Se volessimo mantenere la similitudine della vignetta, qui non si tratta di diffondere una vignetta, ma di mostrare la vignetta che è stata appesa in tutte le bacheche del ministero. Non è la condivisione di un meme, ma la condivisione di una notizia!
La persona in questione è una giornalista e non credo che abbia nulla in contrario alla pubblicazione del suo nome
Massimiliano Polito 🇪🇺🇮🇹
in reply to Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂ • •@Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂ @Che succede nel Fediverso?
Scusate la domanda un po' banale magari ma sono qui da poco: Bluesky è parte del Fediverso?
Che succede nel Fediverso? reshared this.
Eugenio Abriani
in reply to Massimiliano Polito 🇪🇺🇮🇹 • • •like this
Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂ likes this.
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Che succede nel Fediverso? e Poliverso - notizie dal Fediverso ⁂ reshared this.